Causal Effects and Experiments

GVPT399F: Power, Politics, and Data

Causes and effects

Our goal is to better understand what factors lead to certain outcomes of interest.

  • Does increasing the number of voting booths close to a potential voter make that person more likely to vote?

  • Do peace treaties signed with factionalized rebel groups more often lead to a return to conflict than those signed with a single, cohesive group?

  • Does trade between two countries make war between them less likely?

Causes and effects

These are causal statements:

  • More local voting booths \(\rightarrow\) More likely to vote

  • More factionalization \(\rightarrow\) More likely to restart conflict

  • Trade \(\rightarrow\) Less likely to go to war

How to identify causes and their effects

Proving that changes to one factor cause changes to another is very tricky!

  • Need to account for all the other factors

The efficacy of international election monitors

Do international monitors cause less election-day fraud in democratic elections?

  • Number of elections monitored by international observers exploded throughout the 2000s

  • But do monitors increase the chances the election will be free and fair?

  • In other words, are they effective?

The efficacy of international election monitors

Dr Susan Hyde set out to answer this very question. From her article (page 39):

If the presence of international observers causes a reduction in election-day fraud, the effect of observers should be visible at the subnational level by comparing polling stations that were visited by observers with those that were not visited. More specifically, if international monitoring reduces electionday fraud directly, all else held equal, the cheating parties should gain less of their ill-gotten vote share in polling stations that were visited by international monitors.

Causal relationships

Refers to the directional connection between a change in one variable and a corresponding change in another.

  • The direction matters!

  • Treatment variable: the variable causing changes to another variable.

  • Outcome variable: the variable changing as a result of changes to another variable (the treatment).

Treatment and outcome variables

We want to test whether the presence of international monitors (treatment) leads to less election day fraud (outcome).

International election monitors present at polling stations \(\rightarrow\) Less election-day fraud at that station

Treatment variable

At any given polling station in any given election, monitors may be: 1) present, or 2) not present.

Two different conditions:

  • Treatment: condition with treatment (monitors are present)

  • Control: condition without treatment (monitors are not present)

Outcome variable

At any given polling station in any given election, fraud may: 1) occur, or 2) not occur.

Observing our outcome

Sometimes it can be hard to observe our outcome of interest.

  • How might we see all election-day fraud?

  • How might we measure it?

Observing our outcome

Hyde’s answer: vote-share!

International election monitors present at polling stations \(\rightarrow\) Less election-day fraud at that station \(\rightarrow\) Lower vote-share for the cheating party

Individual causal effects

We want to know whether the treatment causes a change in our outcome of interest.

What might this look like in the real world?

  • Imagine we are looking at a specific election

  • Five polling stations

Parallel worlds

Hypothetical election

ID Monitored vote % Non-monitored vote %
1 26.38 99.20
2 54.20 79.26
3 17.54 86.79
4 13.13 93.20
5 56.32 91.33

Individual effects

The only difference between these two conditions is the presence of international monitors!

  • The difference between vote shares under these conditions is caused by the monitors.

Individual effects

ID Monitored vote % Non-monitored vote % Difference (%)
1 26.38 99.20 -72.82
2 54.20 79.26 -25.06
3 17.54 86.79 -69.25
4 13.13 93.20 -80.07
5 56.32 91.33 -35.01

No parallel worlds

Sadly for us, we cannot create parallel worlds…

What now?

ID Monitored Monitored vote % Non-monitored vote % Difference
1 0 NA 99.20 NA
2 1 54.20 NA NA
3 0 NA 86.79 NA
4 1 13.13 NA NA
5 1 56.32 NA NA

Average causal effects

We need to move away from looking at individuals and start to look for patterns in our group.

Back to our parallel worlds

ID Monitored vote % Non-monitored vote % Difference
1 26.38 99.20 -72.82
2 54.20 79.26 -25.06
3 17.54 86.79 -69.25
4 13.13 93.20 -80.07
5 56.32 91.33 -35.01

Difference of averages across all individuals

What was the average vote share received in each world?

Avg. monitored vote % Avg. non-monitored vote % Difference
33.51 89.96 -56.45

Back to reality

ID Monitored Monitored vote % Non-monitored vote % Difference
1 0 NA 99.20 NA
2 1 54.20 NA NA
3 0 NA 86.79 NA
4 1 13.13 NA NA
5 1 56.32 NA NA

Difference-of-means

What was the average vote share received in each group?

Avg. monitored vote % Avg. non-monitored vote % Difference
41.22 93 -51.78

How on Earth does this work so well?

Randomization!

  • Monitors were assigned to polling stations randomly (for example, with the flip of a coin)

  • This created two groups of stations that were roughly identical on average to one another prior to treatment

  • This mimics what happens when we split our world into two (creating two literally identical groups)

Our goal

We want two groups that are completely identical to one another prior to treatment.

  • This allows us to compare their outcomes after treatment and claim that the treatment caused differences in those outcomes (if any differences exist)

Our goal

Next best thing

Instead, we should try to make two groups that are as similar as possible to each other prior to treatment.

The magic of randomization

Perfectly random assignment does this very well!

Don’t take my word for it

Imagine we have a group of 1,000 individuals. We know the following about them:

  • Height

  • Weight

  • Eye colour

Our group

ID Height Weight Eye colour
1 163.50 51.02 Green
2 158.59 67.85 Brown
3 167.27 100.77 Grey
4 171.20 96.57 Brown
5 176.73 99.36 Brown
6 171.27 67.45 Green
7 163.89 66.60 Brown
8 166.68 65.18 Brown
9 173.22 83.49 Blue
10 161.32 51.68 Blue
11 176.04 76.59 Brown
12 168.14 86.55 Blue
13 170.97 89.07 Grey
14 173.18 93.92 Grey
15 169.78 78.97 Grey
16 167.35 89.47 Green
17 162.37 86.75 Grey
18 168.39 92.60 Grey
19 165.94 93.87 Brown
20 164.31 80.64 Grey
21 171.31 76.46 Green
22 169.47 80.13 Grey
23 170.54 75.79 Brown
24 170.73 83.05 Blue
25 157.82 87.06 Grey
26 170.15 85.75 Blue
27 165.31 72.37 Brown
28 166.26 82.47 Green
29 163.05 90.70 Grey
30 165.19 66.27 Brown
31 169.10 61.17 Grey
32 167.48 81.88 Brown
33 164.96 82.02 Grey
34 186.37 68.51 Grey
35 176.76 81.10 Grey
36 159.32 101.65 Brown
37 179.20 89.20 Grey
38 166.77 107.99 Brown
39 176.69 66.04 Blue
40 171.04 84.78 Green
41 166.63 75.48 Brown
42 173.91 69.24 Green
43 178.65 77.45 Blue
44 160.77 74.54 Green
45 166.15 67.40 Green
46 169.80 70.85 Grey
47 172.44 88.02 Blue
48 168.90 68.61 Brown
49 167.07 72.82 Blue
50 170.83 81.23 Green
51 179.08 79.76 Green
52 174.60 77.90 Blue
53 172.14 64.44 Blue
54 164.51 68.54 Blue
55 163.14 80.08 Brown
56 180.28 67.35 Brown
57 176.37 68.70 Blue
58 174.63 89.90 Brown
59 173.11 83.36 Blue
60 173.18 78.45 Blue
61 169.73 71.76 Green
62 166.36 69.75 Blue
63 161.72 89.90 Blue
64 170.42 82.90 Green
65 159.55 77.99 Blue
66 166.38 86.59 Grey
67 169.71 94.59 Blue
68 164.85 83.93 Green
69 165.62 92.58 Grey
70 172.43 77.34 Blue
71 165.32 87.15 Blue
72 169.01 76.38 Grey
73 173.02 102.48 Green
74 169.47 80.87 Blue
75 165.74 67.71 Brown
76 168.55 81.94 Green
77 173.12 78.17 Blue
78 168.83 77.19 Green
79 172.92 85.47 Green
80 177.48 61.23 Grey
81 166.90 85.79 Blue
82 171.37 95.82 Green
83 170.34 67.40 Green
84 173.41 70.70 Green
85 178.47 84.92 Grey
86 163.09 86.29 Brown
87 171.29 78.56 Brown
88 164.03 68.62 Green
89 172.02 82.60 Brown
90 166.43 80.62 Grey
91 180.87 75.10 Blue
92 174.57 82.59 Brown
93 172.47 96.47 Brown
94 174.95 66.32 Brown
95 169.22 85.50 Grey
96 168.71 85.01 Green
97 169.55 90.42 Blue
98 172.48 83.88 Brown
99 174.98 71.11 Green
100 158.09 72.39 Grey
101 173.67 90.91 Brown
102 175.22 85.49 Brown
103 173.49 85.53 Brown
104 175.57 76.26 Grey
105 174.40 86.53 Blue
106 160.91 73.16 Brown
107 181.37 87.86 Grey
108 162.83 82.04 Green
109 168.39 72.68 Grey
110 174.09 79.03 Brown
111 165.78 82.54 Brown
112 164.66 81.11 Grey
113 170.95 71.86 Green
114 183.81 74.11 Green
115 164.18 70.09 Grey
116 180.62 88.44 Grey
117 176.18 73.82 Brown
118 172.61 84.04 Brown
119 173.49 82.29 Grey
120 172.77 84.49 Green
121 173.47 91.13 Brown
122 165.50 89.53 Brown
123 162.08 68.30 Blue
124 168.39 76.78 Green
125 172.80 81.11 Blue
126 164.55 78.28 Brown
127 164.21 79.08 Brown
128 163.90 80.06 Green
129 177.94 76.67 Grey
130 162.21 81.76 Green
131 171.58 86.05 Grey
132 162.99 83.67 Blue
133 172.21 83.29 Blue
134 161.21 83.90 Green
135 164.52 82.18 Blue
136 174.31 84.19 Brown
137 170.05 83.41 Brown
138 167.39 91.75 Grey
139 173.03 77.44 Green
140 177.30 79.30 Brown
141 179.64 88.73 Brown
142 178.25 78.32 Blue
143 171.61 78.52 Brown
144 175.66 92.69 Blue
145 167.63 69.57 Blue
146 173.31 88.53 Green
147 161.54 86.11 Grey
148 177.75 68.18 Brown
149 177.29 59.54 Green
150 172.91 81.68 Brown
151 174.95 88.17 Green
152 170.82 82.62 Blue
153 166.39 83.77 Green
154 171.07 83.85 Brown
155 174.83 77.55 Blue
156 179.33 79.96 Brown
157 169.00 87.60 Green
158 175.91 77.64 Brown
159 163.08 95.82 Green
160 163.96 78.15 Green
161 174.47 74.78 Green
162 181.56 83.73 Green
163 168.48 78.39 Brown
164 165.91 77.89 Brown
165 176.88 70.23 Grey
166 170.47 73.42 Grey
167 162.60 75.74 Brown
168 170.69 70.58 Blue
169 171.48 88.06 Grey
170 166.65 89.41 Brown
171 172.90 92.60 Grey
172 171.54 91.61 Brown
173 178.63 80.49 Brown
174 172.19 78.68 Brown
175 161.94 79.89 Brown
176 177.28 67.94 Grey
177 176.40 65.87 Brown
178 168.74 91.05 Green
179 171.90 94.06 Grey
180 167.46 74.59 Brown
181 163.53 94.53 Green
182 164.76 74.95 Blue
183 175.50 97.35 Grey
184 166.52 82.93 Brown
185 162.33 69.56 Grey
186 169.22 80.30 Blue
187 170.63 83.00 Blue
188 169.26 78.58 Grey
189 169.75 85.44 Brown
190 168.41 87.62 Grey
191 176.73 75.66 Green
192 150.70 80.41 Grey
193 166.42 91.09 Grey
194 178.50 98.27 Grey
195 175.78 55.17 Blue
196 171.07 80.13 Grey
197 170.83 66.81 Grey
198 175.64 69.58 Green
199 177.50 74.03 Green
200 177.57 70.51 Brown
201 159.72 71.07 Blue
202 175.91 88.42 Blue
203 168.42 84.37 Blue
204 174.91 88.07 Brown
205 174.75 87.16 Grey
206 169.99 91.14 Green
207 170.86 88.76 Brown
208 173.13 79.06 Blue
209 171.71 71.80 Green
210 174.35 76.64 Brown
211 166.61 87.08 Green
212 175.32 79.02 Brown
213 166.53 75.03 Blue
214 174.69 83.94 Blue
215 174.88 98.54 Blue
216 172.58 62.91 Blue
217 171.28 73.71 Blue
218 178.09 85.52 Brown
219 171.10 83.16 Brown
220 166.37 70.69 Blue
221 168.76 76.01 Brown
222 181.46 93.33 Blue
223 177.88 80.35 Blue
224 169.59 94.14 Grey
225 165.70 72.98 Brown
226 169.24 81.15 Green
227 169.91 59.92 Brown
228 166.34 98.93 Green
229 165.85 70.13 Grey
230 182.12 62.52 Blue
231 156.71 75.65 Blue
232 173.73 83.34 Green
233 164.11 94.26 Blue
234 173.88 91.26 Green
235 165.84 82.85 Green
236 167.45 95.24 Brown
237 172.88 98.14 Brown
238 172.26 56.62 Green
239 159.74 73.27 Green
240 169.39 67.71 Grey
241 168.78 94.91 Green
242 169.29 84.47 Brown
243 177.02 85.73 Brown
244 165.28 70.58 Grey
245 162.94 65.51 Blue
246 175.14 56.31 Grey
247 163.07 86.61 Brown
248 163.58 85.90 Grey
249 172.08 73.05 Green
250 180.25 91.15 Brown
251 173.07 83.22 Blue
252 169.55 84.29 Green
253 170.60 94.09 Green
254 169.81 86.36 Green
255 170.83 83.72 Green
256 167.53 70.92 Blue
257 169.10 74.07 Grey
258 166.01 88.61 Green
259 174.65 67.01 Green
260 173.88 97.54 Brown
261 167.07 89.93 Blue
262 170.57 81.57 Grey
263 161.16 78.30 Brown
264 165.19 79.49 Green
265 172.29 79.18 Blue
266 169.97 75.82 Green
267 172.09 90.13 Grey
268 168.93 86.38 Green
269 177.67 90.99 Blue
270 158.66 62.97 Blue
271 160.88 76.84 Green
272 170.85 63.78 Brown
273 182.26 69.15 Blue
274 177.17 90.89 Green
275 174.17 83.54 Brown
276 162.31 68.60 Brown
277 156.24 76.66 Green
278 176.13 83.82 Blue
279 165.70 87.14 Grey
280 153.62 75.91 Grey
281 176.15 87.51 Brown
282 169.67 85.90 Green
283 169.27 79.04 Grey
284 166.86 86.22 Brown
285 175.27 76.89 Brown
286 166.96 81.44 Brown
287 176.05 72.49 Green
288 154.88 67.87 Blue
289 177.42 85.19 Grey
290 167.88 75.87 Brown
291 164.48 80.37 Brown
292 179.50 80.74 Brown
293 167.36 74.58 Green
294 173.45 65.07 Brown
295 170.22 69.68 Brown
296 173.05 84.33 Blue
297 170.51 66.16 Green
298 164.37 91.74 Brown
299 173.23 71.65 Green
300 165.87 69.89 Grey
301 165.04 79.70 Green
302 167.28 69.37 Blue
303 170.93 77.76 Blue
304 164.89 83.87 Brown
305 173.83 74.87 Blue
306 173.13 75.58 Blue
307 153.69 90.91 Brown
308 165.23 87.04 Blue
309 178.19 69.74 Brown
310 181.22 72.40 Blue
311 188.00 80.74 Grey
312 176.46 82.32 Green
313 162.02 92.51 Grey
314 170.35 74.78 Blue
315 173.28 70.01 Blue
316 164.73 70.45 Green
317 172.63 80.51 Grey
318 173.32 97.57 Grey
319 164.73 70.90 Blue
320 174.46 81.24 Grey
321 164.98 77.67 Grey
322 176.91 80.88 Blue
323 177.65 80.51 Blue
324 171.47 78.76 Grey
325 158.14 79.01 Green
326 162.75 91.57 Brown
327 171.60 87.74 Green
328 164.11 63.54 Blue
329 153.75 79.19 Blue
330 166.91 85.25 Brown
331 162.83 71.22 Grey
332 170.69 77.21 Brown
333 167.78 68.61 Green
334 182.45 74.43 Brown
335 167.78 77.05 Blue
336 182.73 77.38 Grey
337 166.20 70.54 Blue
338 168.93 86.31 Grey
339 168.85 74.55 Green
340 175.11 94.46 Brown
341 177.44 83.78 Green
342 171.60 86.09 Green
343 177.01 80.37 Green
344 168.32 73.50 Brown
345 169.25 74.21 Brown
346 164.27 85.49 Blue
347 172.64 69.56 Green
348 172.93 78.40 Green
349 163.19 73.69 Green
350 178.24 80.02 Brown
351 179.10 82.56 Grey
352 166.08 94.83 Brown
353 175.38 73.52 Grey
354 175.38 76.57 Green
355 167.67 69.69 Blue
356 167.56 68.26 Blue
357 175.36 77.03 Brown
358 180.14 74.44 Green
359 170.19 75.90 Green
360 180.00 74.53 Brown
361 165.21 69.36 Grey
362 170.66 92.65 Green
363 175.05 81.48 Brown
364 165.75 92.13 Grey
365 165.79 77.52 Blue
366 167.52 92.68 Green
367 171.31 66.21 Grey
368 175.31 74.94 Blue
369 166.98 83.01 Grey
370 161.13 76.15 Grey
371 173.33 56.73 Brown
372 172.54 88.43 Green
373 166.97 86.91 Grey
374 166.49 89.88 Green
375 167.08 59.51 Grey
376 160.93 92.40 Grey
377 165.51 83.28 Brown
378 171.01 74.21 Green
379 160.93 75.81 Green
380 166.78 71.41 Grey
381 180.68 94.37 Blue
382 164.22 88.84 Brown
383 158.72 63.83 Blue
384 173.26 60.82 Brown
385 170.47 72.02 Green
386 181.62 79.90 Blue
387 183.14 95.35 Grey
388 170.50 89.81 Grey
389 159.52 73.77 Grey
390 170.46 101.42 Brown
391 163.99 79.85 Blue
392 174.06 76.59 Blue
393 170.15 76.01 Blue
394 167.26 82.78 Brown
395 162.87 88.76 Blue
396 170.35 86.57 Blue
397 165.90 83.16 Green
398 170.37 74.56 Grey
399 174.03 94.45 Green
400 172.37 86.92 Blue
401 170.30 53.15 Blue
402 180.09 81.70 Brown
403 178.27 89.95 Green
404 159.35 68.46 Grey
405 164.14 73.38 Brown
406 174.22 89.30 Blue
407 171.54 74.62 Blue
408 162.12 79.35 Grey
409 175.40 72.50 Brown
410 159.02 98.26 Blue
411 154.16 76.33 Green
412 171.21 95.23 Blue
413 169.76 79.68 Grey
414 168.75 71.05 Green
415 174.06 79.50 Grey
416 157.98 69.46 Grey
417 172.08 80.74 Green
418 152.35 85.52 Green
419 174.28 77.20 Grey
420 170.82 87.09 Green
421 175.13 76.86 Green
422 173.62 73.09 Blue
423 172.27 76.91 Brown
424 169.57 93.18 Grey
425 169.72 85.86 Brown
426 159.97 88.07 Blue
427 170.43 76.60 Brown
428 172.75 69.35 Grey
429 168.80 86.72 Brown
430 173.44 79.08 Brown
431 173.40 78.99 Grey
432 169.92 89.93 Blue
433 167.69 49.69 Blue
434 171.47 79.35 Blue
435 171.98 71.02 Grey
436 155.29 68.55 Brown
437 176.27 85.86 Brown
438 157.90 67.12 Green
439 162.79 77.74 Blue
440 176.30 80.50 Brown
441 167.34 77.44 Green
442 172.40 74.57 Blue
443 171.88 96.10 Grey
444 179.19 70.35 Blue
445 172.45 73.66 Brown
446 176.42 63.65 Blue
447 172.81 82.08 Grey
448 170.48 79.01 Brown
449 170.63 75.54 Grey
450 175.40 62.40 Grey
451 173.67 91.60 Brown
452 165.10 73.30 Green
453 170.03 86.94 Brown
454 170.52 76.22 Green
455 174.52 91.73 Grey
456 169.93 72.29 Blue
457 168.90 86.01 Grey
458 178.71 56.21 Blue
459 166.84 79.64 Brown
460 169.40 86.37 Green
461 170.97 77.97 Brown
462 164.09 84.52 Blue
463 168.83 67.99 Green
464 171.06 75.51 Brown
465 168.71 77.03 Green
466 167.68 70.63 Green
467 172.64 85.05 Brown
468 173.54 81.00 Blue
469 169.57 74.80 Brown
470 170.72 76.84 Green
471 171.70 61.31 Blue
472 174.68 72.36 Green
473 172.46 93.46 Grey
474 167.12 92.84 Green
475 173.01 78.67 Green
476 165.11 68.31 Brown
477 170.36 72.03 Grey
478 162.22 76.28 Grey
479 166.68 105.22 Brown
480 167.55 85.05 Blue
481 177.88 59.91 Green
482 176.96 89.41 Green
483 163.23 77.93 Green
484 166.19 87.49 Grey
485 167.78 49.55 Blue
486 169.23 87.97 Grey
487 161.95 75.42 Brown
488 160.28 82.43 Blue
489 177.94 59.52 Brown
490 167.73 73.23 Grey
491 171.00 86.70 Brown
492 171.07 77.92 Grey
493 178.75 74.42 Blue
494 179.88 69.86 Blue
495 167.31 66.47 Brown
496 178.13 96.39 Green
497 169.69 94.94 Grey
498 161.10 64.36 Brown
499 180.85 68.11 Green
500 175.37 82.69 Blue
501 161.25 87.23 Blue
502 175.63 77.27 Brown
503 179.69 88.30 Green
504 163.52 79.11 Green
505 177.97 59.47 Grey
506 168.33 89.54 Green
507 166.65 68.24 Brown
508 164.57 81.62 Grey
509 168.84 67.72 Grey
510 165.35 78.77 Grey
511 173.66 83.66 Blue
512 166.27 84.91 Grey
513 171.72 79.23 Brown
514 177.28 95.60 Blue
515 175.11 75.68 Blue
516 181.14 70.77 Green
517 178.33 74.71 Grey
518 158.55 95.83 Green
519 171.82 74.30 Grey
520 157.54 83.48 Blue
521 166.08 81.66 Grey
522 169.93 78.81 Brown
523 165.77 103.88 Grey
524 155.82 77.37 Blue
525 164.36 77.02 Green
526 167.73 63.63 Green
527 170.05 77.88 Green
528 173.01 88.81 Green
529 164.03 73.35 Grey
530 172.41 80.16 Blue
531 175.06 79.56 Blue
532 171.41 76.55 Grey
533 161.50 92.74 Grey
534 164.19 76.75 Blue
535 174.68 87.08 Brown
536 168.63 83.96 Blue
537 164.63 67.99 Grey
538 171.69 76.39 Grey
539 175.09 76.43 Grey
540 169.67 63.24 Green
541 178.18 76.51 Grey
542 162.02 80.91 Brown
543 175.37 81.69 Green
544 165.75 88.47 Green
545 165.46 67.33 Grey
546 164.29 75.25 Blue
547 170.99 71.52 Grey
548 162.18 69.45 Brown
549 163.43 74.63 Blue
550 168.78 90.53 Brown
551 169.24 76.32 Blue
552 176.67 80.75 Blue
553 183.25 78.54 Grey
554 173.34 67.93 Green
555 167.13 79.84 Brown
556 173.97 82.96 Grey
557 172.58 70.53 Blue
558 171.63 72.74 Brown
559 174.51 88.61 Brown
560 167.55 64.17 Blue
561 191.05 91.46 Brown
562 172.74 74.84 Green
563 165.68 86.49 Brown
564 157.16 81.86 Green
565 175.71 86.18 Grey
566 175.83 68.62 Green
567 159.18 93.47 Grey
568 162.67 59.03 Grey
569 167.51 68.99 Green
570 172.03 70.79 Brown
571 164.69 75.44 Brown
572 182.12 85.40 Grey
573 167.59 70.57 Green
574 161.73 75.98 Blue
575 170.59 96.99 Grey
576 168.09 71.46 Grey
577 156.39 73.59 Brown
578 173.32 82.58 Blue
579 170.25 77.27 Green
580 177.45 88.33 Green
581 167.38 80.41 Grey
582 172.24 75.70 Blue
583 169.27 81.98 Brown
584 163.69 78.77 Brown
585 166.74 76.70 Brown
586 176.79 73.87 Blue
587 169.36 84.08 Grey
588 166.34 82.18 Green
589 170.57 92.04 Green
590 167.34 66.63 Grey
591 163.01 95.76 Green
592 169.16 74.62 Grey
593 173.39 70.44 Grey
594 180.80 69.99 Grey
595 166.74 69.48 Grey
596 165.72 73.53 Green
597 171.52 96.03 Green
598 162.42 76.93 Green
599 174.56 79.08 Blue
600 168.99 79.11 Grey
601 171.44 79.16 Brown
602 165.29 85.46 Blue
603 169.98 86.88 Brown
604 166.40 103.06 Brown
605 170.39 72.03 Blue
606 181.44 68.93 Brown
607 170.22 73.43 Brown
608 166.45 84.95 Grey
609 164.57 81.91 Brown
610 160.08 91.73 Blue
611 170.82 90.09 Brown
612 173.07 71.16 Brown
613 159.20 78.37 Blue
614 170.19 83.06 Grey
615 171.21 94.12 Grey
616 163.18 85.11 Green
617 157.56 78.41 Brown
618 173.15 97.42 Green
619 169.22 64.84 Grey
620 171.35 69.53 Grey
621 167.51 69.82 Blue
622 172.08 88.91 Green
623 176.04 93.25 Green
624 163.80 93.83 Grey
625 167.03 97.65 Green
626 170.87 85.13 Blue
627 168.49 80.22 Blue
628 167.19 72.61 Grey
629 171.39 83.45 Brown
630 169.37 61.26 Brown
631 162.45 90.96 Blue
632 170.45 81.65 Green
633 178.46 80.12 Grey
634 165.12 75.16 Green
635 172.17 71.29 Blue
636 175.37 83.39 Blue
637 167.58 86.51 Grey
638 162.61 77.20 Green
639 169.97 82.61 Brown
640 167.32 78.06 Brown
641 170.02 60.20 Blue
642 170.94 87.29 Grey
643 172.05 63.78 Green
644 168.90 81.05 Grey
645 174.59 87.96 Blue
646 169.00 84.92 Blue
647 170.28 77.05 Green
648 168.79 82.82 Blue
649 177.87 76.57 Grey
650 163.66 92.38 Grey
651 168.37 77.60 Brown
652 169.33 72.71 Green
653 168.25 75.68 Green
654 174.54 79.94 Blue
655 181.66 74.51 Green
656 161.44 71.19 Blue
657 172.33 76.96 Brown
658 162.45 89.13 Green
659 162.95 51.07 Blue
660 173.34 81.77 Brown
661 165.80 82.30 Blue
662 169.12 83.48 Brown
663 176.89 78.40 Green
664 161.50 66.16 Blue
665 170.55 72.07 Grey
666 167.19 77.75 Grey
667 170.28 76.64 Brown
668 164.92 104.29 Brown
669 169.22 88.99 Grey
670 167.77 74.58 Green
671 170.99 58.05 Green
672 176.34 84.39 Brown
673 168.32 94.97 Brown
674 166.17 91.45 Blue
675 171.82 85.51 Blue
676 162.34 57.17 Brown
677 171.06 76.72 Grey
678 177.02 98.25 Brown
679 176.56 77.46 Grey
680 160.69 87.53 Grey
681 175.29 64.71 Blue
682 172.55 91.64 Blue
683 177.79 85.23 Grey
684 175.73 78.41 Grey
685 181.01 78.69 Blue
686 168.41 88.89 Grey
687 179.07 86.27 Grey
688 178.00 71.71 Green
689 169.81 80.70 Green
690 155.12 71.77 Grey
691 170.42 92.39 Grey
692 165.58 64.96 Green
693 173.68 79.75 Brown
694 161.42 61.22 Brown
695 168.79 85.64 Brown
696 180.71 96.84 Brown
697 168.20 96.18 Brown
698 171.43 74.67 Brown
699 169.95 82.95 Green
700 163.99 73.56 Grey
701 172.80 81.09 Green
702 166.24 66.84 Blue
703 170.92 75.61 Blue
704 165.25 85.26 Green
705 158.81 93.49 Brown
706 173.79 89.94 Green
707 167.63 81.60 Green
708 166.97 68.97 Grey
709 179.65 76.68 Green
710 172.08 75.43 Grey
711 178.91 75.10 Green
712 164.60 76.54 Blue
713 171.39 81.91 Brown
714 177.66 78.77 Blue
715 166.53 75.98 Grey
716 162.02 74.23 Brown
717 165.02 80.55 Green
718 169.31 61.25 Grey
719 166.54 75.42 Grey
720 163.90 71.52 Grey
721 164.71 74.74 Blue
722 161.38 89.26 Green
723 155.37 73.90 Green
724 165.16 73.49 Brown
725 172.84 71.58 Blue
726 173.04 83.14 Green
727 177.70 92.63 Green
728 179.91 74.09 Grey
729 157.65 74.98 Blue
730 171.70 75.52 Brown
731 175.81 91.65 Blue
732 159.97 79.75 Blue
733 169.23 88.18 Blue
734 177.71 82.54 Blue
735 185.63 89.08 Brown
736 172.10 88.82 Grey
737 172.38 62.88 Grey
738 172.69 86.38 Blue
739 168.87 80.03 Blue
740 172.58 85.43 Brown
741 174.29 61.47 Blue
742 170.73 77.09 Grey
743 175.20 84.30 Green
744 173.93 90.80 Brown
745 170.48 75.33 Blue
746 171.30 64.40 Green
747 160.49 78.24 Green
748 165.85 88.63 Grey
749 172.86 65.81 Blue
750 178.77 79.61 Brown
751 169.68 85.37 Brown
752 176.47 72.10 Brown
753 161.36 83.61 Brown
754 163.42 76.55 Brown
755 167.56 87.58 Grey
756 160.75 86.35 Green
757 167.24 75.69 Blue
758 166.42 80.80 Blue
759 161.96 80.93 Brown
760 154.14 72.02 Grey
761 167.76 70.37 Brown
762 177.89 76.39 Green
763 163.32 77.49 Grey
764 172.34 94.71 Blue
765 170.08 69.00 Brown
766 163.21 85.88 Brown
767 179.53 76.13 Brown
768 170.00 61.58 Grey
769 164.19 78.30 Grey
770 168.80 67.94 Blue
771 170.29 94.27 Grey
772 167.11 70.58 Blue
773 169.21 64.81 Blue
774 175.89 79.13 Brown
775 164.80 86.67 Blue
776 170.53 70.60 Blue
777 168.33 95.61 Blue
778 175.46 81.03 Blue
779 176.71 83.61 Brown
780 163.27 93.97 Green
781 153.04 79.58 Brown
782 165.79 75.37 Blue
783 178.87 76.59 Brown
784 174.21 84.00 Brown
785 158.35 74.79 Brown
786 178.22 70.37 Green
787 172.05 76.22 Blue
788 173.19 74.33 Brown
789 180.96 103.14 Green
790 179.10 73.10 Grey
791 166.85 72.06 Blue
792 167.64 71.96 Brown
793 175.95 79.44 Blue
794 188.07 68.59 Green
795 176.41 68.42 Brown
796 183.88 76.97 Blue
797 163.25 83.78 Grey
798 166.30 83.06 Brown
799 159.23 85.60 Green
800 171.43 69.79 Green
801 172.37 103.77 Brown
802 168.79 85.25 Blue
803 174.66 77.39 Grey
804 167.87 83.97 Brown
805 168.33 79.58 Blue
806 174.34 74.14 Brown
807 185.10 83.33 Brown
808 175.73 71.23 Green
809 168.38 83.15 Green
810 174.03 55.58 Grey
811 175.10 65.09 Grey
812 176.77 80.28 Blue
813 172.68 73.39 Green
814 180.20 73.30 Blue
815 168.45 72.61 Green
816 161.42 83.35 Brown
817 171.46 70.60 Blue
818 167.09 68.99 Grey
819 175.97 80.74 Green
820 175.48 93.79 Blue
821 159.10 81.84 Brown
822 175.87 71.74 Grey
823 164.99 104.25 Blue
824 167.44 74.71 Brown
825 164.92 55.46 Green
826 164.90 61.65 Grey
827 174.25 78.74 Blue
828 170.14 87.78 Blue
829 162.71 69.95 Blue
830 172.44 94.59 Green
831 180.57 95.10 Green
832 168.80 80.64 Blue
833 161.51 90.25 Green
834 166.77 69.13 Brown
835 179.64 89.57 Grey
836 163.84 77.23 Brown
837 168.63 78.31 Grey
838 173.28 83.25 Grey
839 169.02 86.82 Blue
840 160.36 81.03 Blue
841 173.80 88.59 Green
842 169.17 72.75 Green
843 171.62 93.16 Grey
844 161.21 83.87 Grey
845 169.78 90.41 Blue
846 163.89 82.84 Green
847 162.05 83.40 Blue
848 170.00 63.33 Brown
849 173.76 70.82 Brown
850 165.32 79.71 Brown
851 174.14 74.45 Brown
852 166.17 68.32 Green
853 168.39 70.35 Green
854 167.49 63.49 Brown
855 181.23 93.85 Brown
856 168.55 86.22 Green
857 161.60 66.89 Brown
858 160.88 72.89 Brown
859 180.91 92.68 Brown
860 178.16 85.66 Grey
861 174.64 70.92 Grey
862 172.80 72.38 Blue
863 170.22 66.55 Blue
864 176.03 77.12 Grey
865 183.47 95.21 Brown
866 168.01 80.84 Grey
867 163.15 73.95 Grey
868 167.01 80.89 Brown
869 174.39 62.71 Brown
870 172.51 77.99 Green
871 171.05 90.26 Brown
872 165.50 73.29 Brown
873 176.50 75.37 Blue
874 182.66 72.10 Green
875 179.03 101.48 Blue
876 172.15 88.53 Grey
877 188.55 83.06 Grey
878 178.72 76.13 Grey
879 165.07 70.39 Brown
880 166.21 94.90 Brown
881 169.37 69.72 Green
882 167.15 89.87 Green
883 164.07 87.65 Brown
884 164.08 76.75 Green
885 169.75 74.72 Green
886 165.10 82.61 Brown
887 160.11 79.11 Brown
888 174.62 68.35 Blue
889 165.61 97.05 Green
890 166.10 93.22 Grey
891 172.25 80.29 Grey
892 168.76 89.13 Blue
893 164.29 93.93 Green
894 175.76 81.90 Brown
895 174.39 80.63 Blue
896 170.13 61.93 Brown
897 183.35 88.01 Brown
898 182.42 97.29 Brown
899 166.17 83.11 Blue
900 167.70 98.49 Green
901 173.53 72.78 Brown
902 176.24 90.60 Brown
903 177.38 71.39 Brown
904 173.36 68.58 Brown
905 171.61 64.73 Brown
906 169.58 59.89 Brown
907 172.00 100.91 Green
908 165.88 69.85 Blue
909 156.62 80.09 Brown
910 172.12 66.28 Blue
911 158.90 77.95 Green
912 167.17 85.30 Green
913 173.15 82.71 Green
914 167.44 79.20 Brown
915 171.98 77.90 Brown
916 170.66 95.33 Blue
917 172.98 88.13 Grey
918 168.84 80.82 Brown
919 182.20 87.34 Grey
920 171.63 88.77 Brown
921 173.44 86.41 Blue
922 176.66 66.46 Blue
923 168.46 76.33 Blue
924 167.12 80.56 Green
925 177.49 65.36 Grey
926 174.90 86.49 Grey
927 170.93 90.05 Brown
928 177.55 82.67 Brown
929 171.04 78.77 Blue
930 180.93 83.44 Green
931 172.36 85.08 Grey
932 177.97 85.38 Grey
933 172.63 89.17 Grey
934 180.81 106.04 Green
935 171.74 64.90 Green
936 176.53 69.92 Green
937 175.92 83.10 Green
938 174.65 72.20 Grey
939 166.98 80.20 Brown
940 171.37 66.58 Grey
941 173.05 76.38 Green
942 172.16 81.46 Green
943 170.45 88.33 Blue
944 168.35 85.92 Blue
945 170.95 91.78 Grey
946 161.03 69.48 Green
947 172.66 81.88 Blue
948 170.65 83.05 Grey
949 164.40 68.25 Green
950 172.70 50.94 Brown
951 170.32 71.78 Blue
952 176.71 93.35 Green
953 163.07 71.10 Brown
954 171.65 86.31 Grey
955 171.86 69.33 Grey
956 168.38 87.56 Blue
957 171.15 82.60 Grey
958 165.44 67.44 Green
959 166.85 94.28 Blue
960 167.34 100.97 Green
961 167.46 81.02 Grey
962 161.70 74.45 Brown
963 177.68 71.37 Blue
964 168.17 66.62 Blue
965 179.48 62.30 Green
966 182.56 62.08 Brown
967 176.54 76.80 Brown
968 182.15 89.14 Grey
969 164.79 82.99 Green
970 168.82 74.39 Brown
971 167.20 70.01 Green
972 173.09 72.47 Grey
973 176.44 103.66 Green
974 166.38 82.38 Grey
975 175.55 83.20 Green
976 173.34 81.73 Blue
977 163.18 76.81 Blue
978 174.41 63.24 Blue
979 165.87 66.21 Blue
980 176.75 78.39 Grey
981 161.80 67.77 Grey
982 176.50 89.28 Green
983 163.55 84.68 Grey
984 160.48 87.18 Grey
985 168.39 76.76 Blue
986 177.16 94.77 Green
987 163.99 91.52 Grey
988 185.12 75.66 Brown
989 167.55 65.58 Blue
990 164.02 92.33 Brown
991 174.11 76.34 Blue
992 166.91 77.26 Green
993 163.97 62.49 Grey
994 161.71 79.40 Grey
995 172.36 83.25 Grey
996 167.56 84.92 Grey
997 162.12 94.01 Brown
998 167.10 83.69 Brown
999 174.43 53.74 Grey
1000 162.40 72.66 Blue

Random assignment

I’m now going to flip (an imaginary, computer-generated) coin for each of these 1,000 individuals to assigned them to group A or B:

ID Height Weight Eye colour Group
1 163.50 51.02 Green A
2 158.59 67.85 Brown A
3 167.27 100.77 Grey B
4 171.20 96.57 Brown B
5 176.73 99.36 Brown B
6 171.27 67.45 Green B
7 163.89 66.60 Brown A
8 166.68 65.18 Brown B
9 173.22 83.49 Blue A
10 161.32 51.68 Blue A
11 176.04 76.59 Brown A
12 168.14 86.55 Blue B
13 170.97 89.07 Grey B
14 173.18 93.92 Grey A
15 169.78 78.97 Grey A
16 167.35 89.47 Green B
17 162.37 86.75 Grey B
18 168.39 92.60 Grey B
19 165.94 93.87 Brown B
20 164.31 80.64 Grey A
21 171.31 76.46 Green B
22 169.47 80.13 Grey B
23 170.54 75.79 Brown B
24 170.73 83.05 Blue A
25 157.82 87.06 Grey B
26 170.15 85.75 Blue B
27 165.31 72.37 Brown A
28 166.26 82.47 Green A
29 163.05 90.70 Grey A
30 165.19 66.27 Brown A
31 169.10 61.17 Grey A
32 167.48 81.88 Brown B
33 164.96 82.02 Grey A
34 186.37 68.51 Grey A
35 176.76 81.10 Grey A
36 159.32 101.65 Brown B
37 179.20 89.20 Grey A
38 166.77 107.99 Brown A
39 176.69 66.04 Blue A
40 171.04 84.78 Green A
41 166.63 75.48 Brown B
42 173.91 69.24 Green B
43 178.65 77.45 Blue A
44 160.77 74.54 Green A
45 166.15 67.40 Green B
46 169.80 70.85 Grey A
47 172.44 88.02 Blue B
48 168.90 68.61 Brown B
49 167.07 72.82 Blue B
50 170.83 81.23 Green A
51 179.08 79.76 Green B
52 174.60 77.90 Blue A
53 172.14 64.44 Blue B
54 164.51 68.54 Blue A
55 163.14 80.08 Brown B
56 180.28 67.35 Brown A
57 176.37 68.70 Blue B
58 174.63 89.90 Brown B
59 173.11 83.36 Blue A
60 173.18 78.45 Blue B
61 169.73 71.76 Green A
62 166.36 69.75 Blue A
63 161.72 89.90 Blue B
64 170.42 82.90 Green B
65 159.55 77.99 Blue B
66 166.38 86.59 Grey A
67 169.71 94.59 Blue B
68 164.85 83.93 Green B
69 165.62 92.58 Grey B
70 172.43 77.34 Blue A
71 165.32 87.15 Blue B
72 169.01 76.38 Grey B
73 173.02 102.48 Green A
74 169.47 80.87 Blue B
75 165.74 67.71 Brown B
76 168.55 81.94 Green B
77 173.12 78.17 Blue B
78 168.83 77.19 Green B
79 172.92 85.47 Green B
80 177.48 61.23 Grey A
81 166.90 85.79 Blue A
82 171.37 95.82 Green A
83 170.34 67.40 Green A
84 173.41 70.70 Green B
85 178.47 84.92 Grey A
86 163.09 86.29 Brown B
87 171.29 78.56 Brown B
88 164.03 68.62 Green B
89 172.02 82.60 Brown B
90 166.43 80.62 Grey B
91 180.87 75.10 Blue B
92 174.57 82.59 Brown A
93 172.47 96.47 Brown B
94 174.95 66.32 Brown B
95 169.22 85.50 Grey A
96 168.71 85.01 Green A
97 169.55 90.42 Blue B
98 172.48 83.88 Brown B
99 174.98 71.11 Green A
100 158.09 72.39 Grey A
101 173.67 90.91 Brown A
102 175.22 85.49 Brown A
103 173.49 85.53 Brown A
104 175.57 76.26 Grey A
105 174.40 86.53 Blue B
106 160.91 73.16 Brown A
107 181.37 87.86 Grey B
108 162.83 82.04 Green B
109 168.39 72.68 Grey A
110 174.09 79.03 Brown B
111 165.78 82.54 Brown A
112 164.66 81.11 Grey A
113 170.95 71.86 Green A
114 183.81 74.11 Green A
115 164.18 70.09 Grey A
116 180.62 88.44 Grey B
117 176.18 73.82 Brown B
118 172.61 84.04 Brown B
119 173.49 82.29 Grey A
120 172.77 84.49 Green B
121 173.47 91.13 Brown A
122 165.50 89.53 Brown B
123 162.08 68.30 Blue B
124 168.39 76.78 Green B
125 172.80 81.11 Blue B
126 164.55 78.28 Brown B
127 164.21 79.08 Brown B
128 163.90 80.06 Green A
129 177.94 76.67 Grey A
130 162.21 81.76 Green B
131 171.58 86.05 Grey B
132 162.99 83.67 Blue A
133 172.21 83.29 Blue A
134 161.21 83.90 Green A
135 164.52 82.18 Blue A
136 174.31 84.19 Brown A
137 170.05 83.41 Brown A
138 167.39 91.75 Grey B
139 173.03 77.44 Green B
140 177.30 79.30 Brown B
141 179.64 88.73 Brown A
142 178.25 78.32 Blue B
143 171.61 78.52 Brown B
144 175.66 92.69 Blue B
145 167.63 69.57 Blue B
146 173.31 88.53 Green A
147 161.54 86.11 Grey A
148 177.75 68.18 Brown A
149 177.29 59.54 Green A
150 172.91 81.68 Brown B
151 174.95 88.17 Green A
152 170.82 82.62 Blue A
153 166.39 83.77 Green A
154 171.07 83.85 Brown A
155 174.83 77.55 Blue A
156 179.33 79.96 Brown B
157 169.00 87.60 Green A
158 175.91 77.64 Brown A
159 163.08 95.82 Green B
160 163.96 78.15 Green A
161 174.47 74.78 Green A
162 181.56 83.73 Green B
163 168.48 78.39 Brown B
164 165.91 77.89 Brown A
165 176.88 70.23 Grey B
166 170.47 73.42 Grey A
167 162.60 75.74 Brown B
168 170.69 70.58 Blue A
169 171.48 88.06 Grey A
170 166.65 89.41 Brown B
171 172.90 92.60 Grey B
172 171.54 91.61 Brown B
173 178.63 80.49 Brown A
174 172.19 78.68 Brown A
175 161.94 79.89 Brown A
176 177.28 67.94 Grey B
177 176.40 65.87 Brown B
178 168.74 91.05 Green B
179 171.90 94.06 Grey A
180 167.46 74.59 Brown A
181 163.53 94.53 Green B
182 164.76 74.95 Blue B
183 175.50 97.35 Grey B
184 166.52 82.93 Brown B
185 162.33 69.56 Grey A
186 169.22 80.30 Blue A
187 170.63 83.00 Blue A
188 169.26 78.58 Grey A
189 169.75 85.44 Brown B
190 168.41 87.62 Grey A
191 176.73 75.66 Green B
192 150.70 80.41 Grey A
193 166.42 91.09 Grey A
194 178.50 98.27 Grey B
195 175.78 55.17 Blue A
196 171.07 80.13 Grey B
197 170.83 66.81 Grey A
198 175.64 69.58 Green A
199 177.50 74.03 Green B
200 177.57 70.51 Brown A
201 159.72 71.07 Blue A
202 175.91 88.42 Blue A
203 168.42 84.37 Blue B
204 174.91 88.07 Brown B
205 174.75 87.16 Grey A
206 169.99 91.14 Green A
207 170.86 88.76 Brown A
208 173.13 79.06 Blue B
209 171.71 71.80 Green B
210 174.35 76.64 Brown A
211 166.61 87.08 Green A
212 175.32 79.02 Brown B
213 166.53 75.03 Blue B
214 174.69 83.94 Blue A
215 174.88 98.54 Blue B
216 172.58 62.91 Blue A
217 171.28 73.71 Blue A
218 178.09 85.52 Brown B
219 171.10 83.16 Brown B
220 166.37 70.69 Blue A
221 168.76 76.01 Brown B
222 181.46 93.33 Blue A
223 177.88 80.35 Blue A
224 169.59 94.14 Grey A
225 165.70 72.98 Brown B
226 169.24 81.15 Green B
227 169.91 59.92 Brown B
228 166.34 98.93 Green A
229 165.85 70.13 Grey A
230 182.12 62.52 Blue B
231 156.71 75.65 Blue A
232 173.73 83.34 Green B
233 164.11 94.26 Blue A
234 173.88 91.26 Green A
235 165.84 82.85 Green A
236 167.45 95.24 Brown B
237 172.88 98.14 Brown A
238 172.26 56.62 Green A
239 159.74 73.27 Green B
240 169.39 67.71 Grey B
241 168.78 94.91 Green A
242 169.29 84.47 Brown A
243 177.02 85.73 Brown B
244 165.28 70.58 Grey B
245 162.94 65.51 Blue B
246 175.14 56.31 Grey B
247 163.07 86.61 Brown B
248 163.58 85.90 Grey B
249 172.08 73.05 Green B
250 180.25 91.15 Brown A
251 173.07 83.22 Blue A
252 169.55 84.29 Green A
253 170.60 94.09 Green A
254 169.81 86.36 Green A
255 170.83 83.72 Green A
256 167.53 70.92 Blue A
257 169.10 74.07 Grey A
258 166.01 88.61 Green A
259 174.65 67.01 Green B
260 173.88 97.54 Brown A
261 167.07 89.93 Blue B
262 170.57 81.57 Grey A
263 161.16 78.30 Brown A
264 165.19 79.49 Green A
265 172.29 79.18 Blue A
266 169.97 75.82 Green A
267 172.09 90.13 Grey B
268 168.93 86.38 Green B
269 177.67 90.99 Blue B
270 158.66 62.97 Blue B
271 160.88 76.84 Green A
272 170.85 63.78 Brown B
273 182.26 69.15 Blue B
274 177.17 90.89 Green B
275 174.17 83.54 Brown A
276 162.31 68.60 Brown A
277 156.24 76.66 Green B
278 176.13 83.82 Blue A
279 165.70 87.14 Grey B
280 153.62 75.91 Grey A
281 176.15 87.51 Brown B
282 169.67 85.90 Green A
283 169.27 79.04 Grey B
284 166.86 86.22 Brown B
285 175.27 76.89 Brown B
286 166.96 81.44 Brown A
287 176.05 72.49 Green B
288 154.88 67.87 Blue B
289 177.42 85.19 Grey B
290 167.88 75.87 Brown B
291 164.48 80.37 Brown A
292 179.50 80.74 Brown A
293 167.36 74.58 Green B
294 173.45 65.07 Brown B
295 170.22 69.68 Brown A
296 173.05 84.33 Blue B
297 170.51 66.16 Green B
298 164.37 91.74 Brown A
299 173.23 71.65 Green A
300 165.87 69.89 Grey A
301 165.04 79.70 Green B
302 167.28 69.37 Blue B
303 170.93 77.76 Blue A
304 164.89 83.87 Brown B
305 173.83 74.87 Blue B
306 173.13 75.58 Blue B
307 153.69 90.91 Brown B
308 165.23 87.04 Blue B
309 178.19 69.74 Brown A
310 181.22 72.40 Blue A
311 188.00 80.74 Grey B
312 176.46 82.32 Green B
313 162.02 92.51 Grey A
314 170.35 74.78 Blue B
315 173.28 70.01 Blue A
316 164.73 70.45 Green A
317 172.63 80.51 Grey B
318 173.32 97.57 Grey B
319 164.73 70.90 Blue A
320 174.46 81.24 Grey A
321 164.98 77.67 Grey A
322 176.91 80.88 Blue B
323 177.65 80.51 Blue A
324 171.47 78.76 Grey A
325 158.14 79.01 Green A
326 162.75 91.57 Brown A
327 171.60 87.74 Green A
328 164.11 63.54 Blue B
329 153.75 79.19 Blue A
330 166.91 85.25 Brown A
331 162.83 71.22 Grey B
332 170.69 77.21 Brown B
333 167.78 68.61 Green A
334 182.45 74.43 Brown A
335 167.78 77.05 Blue A
336 182.73 77.38 Grey A
337 166.20 70.54 Blue B
338 168.93 86.31 Grey B
339 168.85 74.55 Green B
340 175.11 94.46 Brown A
341 177.44 83.78 Green A
342 171.60 86.09 Green A
343 177.01 80.37 Green B
344 168.32 73.50 Brown A
345 169.25 74.21 Brown A
346 164.27 85.49 Blue B
347 172.64 69.56 Green A
348 172.93 78.40 Green A
349 163.19 73.69 Green A
350 178.24 80.02 Brown B
351 179.10 82.56 Grey A
352 166.08 94.83 Brown A
353 175.38 73.52 Grey B
354 175.38 76.57 Green B
355 167.67 69.69 Blue A
356 167.56 68.26 Blue A
357 175.36 77.03 Brown B
358 180.14 74.44 Green A
359 170.19 75.90 Green B
360 180.00 74.53 Brown A
361 165.21 69.36 Grey B
362 170.66 92.65 Green A
363 175.05 81.48 Brown B
364 165.75 92.13 Grey B
365 165.79 77.52 Blue A
366 167.52 92.68 Green B
367 171.31 66.21 Grey A
368 175.31 74.94 Blue B
369 166.98 83.01 Grey B
370 161.13 76.15 Grey A
371 173.33 56.73 Brown A
372 172.54 88.43 Green A
373 166.97 86.91 Grey A
374 166.49 89.88 Green A
375 167.08 59.51 Grey B
376 160.93 92.40 Grey B
377 165.51 83.28 Brown A
378 171.01 74.21 Green B
379 160.93 75.81 Green B
380 166.78 71.41 Grey B
381 180.68 94.37 Blue A
382 164.22 88.84 Brown A
383 158.72 63.83 Blue A
384 173.26 60.82 Brown B
385 170.47 72.02 Green A
386 181.62 79.90 Blue B
387 183.14 95.35 Grey A
388 170.50 89.81 Grey B
389 159.52 73.77 Grey B
390 170.46 101.42 Brown A
391 163.99 79.85 Blue B
392 174.06 76.59 Blue A
393 170.15 76.01 Blue B
394 167.26 82.78 Brown A
395 162.87 88.76 Blue B
396 170.35 86.57 Blue B
397 165.90 83.16 Green A
398 170.37 74.56 Grey B
399 174.03 94.45 Green A
400 172.37 86.92 Blue A
401 170.30 53.15 Blue A
402 180.09 81.70 Brown A
403 178.27 89.95 Green B
404 159.35 68.46 Grey A
405 164.14 73.38 Brown A
406 174.22 89.30 Blue A
407 171.54 74.62 Blue B
408 162.12 79.35 Grey B
409 175.40 72.50 Brown B
410 159.02 98.26 Blue A
411 154.16 76.33 Green B
412 171.21 95.23 Blue A
413 169.76 79.68 Grey B
414 168.75 71.05 Green B
415 174.06 79.50 Grey B
416 157.98 69.46 Grey B
417 172.08 80.74 Green B
418 152.35 85.52 Green A
419 174.28 77.20 Grey A
420 170.82 87.09 Green A
421 175.13 76.86 Green B
422 173.62 73.09 Blue A
423 172.27 76.91 Brown B
424 169.57 93.18 Grey A
425 169.72 85.86 Brown A
426 159.97 88.07 Blue A
427 170.43 76.60 Brown A
428 172.75 69.35 Grey B
429 168.80 86.72 Brown B
430 173.44 79.08 Brown A
431 173.40 78.99 Grey A
432 169.92 89.93 Blue A
433 167.69 49.69 Blue A
434 171.47 79.35 Blue A
435 171.98 71.02 Grey B
436 155.29 68.55 Brown B
437 176.27 85.86 Brown A
438 157.90 67.12 Green A
439 162.79 77.74 Blue B
440 176.30 80.50 Brown B
441 167.34 77.44 Green B
442 172.40 74.57 Blue A
443 171.88 96.10 Grey B
444 179.19 70.35 Blue B
445 172.45 73.66 Brown B
446 176.42 63.65 Blue A
447 172.81 82.08 Grey B
448 170.48 79.01 Brown A
449 170.63 75.54 Grey A
450 175.40 62.40 Grey B
451 173.67 91.60 Brown B
452 165.10 73.30 Green A
453 170.03 86.94 Brown B
454 170.52 76.22 Green A
455 174.52 91.73 Grey A
456 169.93 72.29 Blue B
457 168.90 86.01 Grey B
458 178.71 56.21 Blue B
459 166.84 79.64 Brown B
460 169.40 86.37 Green A
461 170.97 77.97 Brown B
462 164.09 84.52 Blue B
463 168.83 67.99 Green A
464 171.06 75.51 Brown B
465 168.71 77.03 Green A
466 167.68 70.63 Green A
467 172.64 85.05 Brown B
468 173.54 81.00 Blue B
469 169.57 74.80 Brown B
470 170.72 76.84 Green A
471 171.70 61.31 Blue B
472 174.68 72.36 Green A
473 172.46 93.46 Grey A
474 167.12 92.84 Green A
475 173.01 78.67 Green B
476 165.11 68.31 Brown A
477 170.36 72.03 Grey A
478 162.22 76.28 Grey A
479 166.68 105.22 Brown A
480 167.55 85.05 Blue A
481 177.88 59.91 Green A
482 176.96 89.41 Green A
483 163.23 77.93 Green A
484 166.19 87.49 Grey A
485 167.78 49.55 Blue A
486 169.23 87.97 Grey B
487 161.95 75.42 Brown A
488 160.28 82.43 Blue B
489 177.94 59.52 Brown B
490 167.73 73.23 Grey B
491 171.00 86.70 Brown A
492 171.07 77.92 Grey B
493 178.75 74.42 Blue B
494 179.88 69.86 Blue A
495 167.31 66.47 Brown B
496 178.13 96.39 Green B
497 169.69 94.94 Grey B
498 161.10 64.36 Brown A
499 180.85 68.11 Green B
500 175.37 82.69 Blue A
501 161.25 87.23 Blue B
502 175.63 77.27 Brown B
503 179.69 88.30 Green B
504 163.52 79.11 Green B
505 177.97 59.47 Grey A
506 168.33 89.54 Green A
507 166.65 68.24 Brown B
508 164.57 81.62 Grey A
509 168.84 67.72 Grey A
510 165.35 78.77 Grey B
511 173.66 83.66 Blue A
512 166.27 84.91 Grey A
513 171.72 79.23 Brown B
514 177.28 95.60 Blue A
515 175.11 75.68 Blue A
516 181.14 70.77 Green B
517 178.33 74.71 Grey A
518 158.55 95.83 Green A
519 171.82 74.30 Grey B
520 157.54 83.48 Blue B
521 166.08 81.66 Grey A
522 169.93 78.81 Brown A
523 165.77 103.88 Grey A
524 155.82 77.37 Blue B
525 164.36 77.02 Green B
526 167.73 63.63 Green B
527 170.05 77.88 Green A
528 173.01 88.81 Green A
529 164.03 73.35 Grey B
530 172.41 80.16 Blue A
531 175.06 79.56 Blue A
532 171.41 76.55 Grey A
533 161.50 92.74 Grey A
534 164.19 76.75 Blue A
535 174.68 87.08 Brown B
536 168.63 83.96 Blue B
537 164.63 67.99 Grey A
538 171.69 76.39 Grey A
539 175.09 76.43 Grey A
540 169.67 63.24 Green A
541 178.18 76.51 Grey B
542 162.02 80.91 Brown A
543 175.37 81.69 Green A
544 165.75 88.47 Green A
545 165.46 67.33 Grey B
546 164.29 75.25 Blue B
547 170.99 71.52 Grey B
548 162.18 69.45 Brown B
549 163.43 74.63 Blue A
550 168.78 90.53 Brown B
551 169.24 76.32 Blue A
552 176.67 80.75 Blue B
553 183.25 78.54 Grey A
554 173.34 67.93 Green B
555 167.13 79.84 Brown B
556 173.97 82.96 Grey A
557 172.58 70.53 Blue B
558 171.63 72.74 Brown B
559 174.51 88.61 Brown B
560 167.55 64.17 Blue A
561 191.05 91.46 Brown A
562 172.74 74.84 Green B
563 165.68 86.49 Brown B
564 157.16 81.86 Green A
565 175.71 86.18 Grey B
566 175.83 68.62 Green B
567 159.18 93.47 Grey B
568 162.67 59.03 Grey B
569 167.51 68.99 Green B
570 172.03 70.79 Brown B
571 164.69 75.44 Brown B
572 182.12 85.40 Grey A
573 167.59 70.57 Green A
574 161.73 75.98 Blue A
575 170.59 96.99 Grey B
576 168.09 71.46 Grey B
577 156.39 73.59 Brown B
578 173.32 82.58 Blue A
579 170.25 77.27 Green A
580 177.45 88.33 Green A
581 167.38 80.41 Grey A
582 172.24 75.70 Blue B
583 169.27 81.98 Brown A
584 163.69 78.77 Brown B
585 166.74 76.70 Brown B
586 176.79 73.87 Blue B
587 169.36 84.08 Grey B
588 166.34 82.18 Green B
589 170.57 92.04 Green B
590 167.34 66.63 Grey B
591 163.01 95.76 Green A
592 169.16 74.62 Grey B
593 173.39 70.44 Grey A
594 180.80 69.99 Grey A
595 166.74 69.48 Grey B
596 165.72 73.53 Green B
597 171.52 96.03 Green B
598 162.42 76.93 Green B
599 174.56 79.08 Blue B
600 168.99 79.11 Grey B
601 171.44 79.16 Brown A
602 165.29 85.46 Blue A
603 169.98 86.88 Brown B
604 166.40 103.06 Brown B
605 170.39 72.03 Blue B
606 181.44 68.93 Brown B
607 170.22 73.43 Brown B
608 166.45 84.95 Grey B
609 164.57 81.91 Brown A
610 160.08 91.73 Blue A
611 170.82 90.09 Brown A
612 173.07 71.16 Brown A
613 159.20 78.37 Blue B
614 170.19 83.06 Grey B
615 171.21 94.12 Grey B
616 163.18 85.11 Green A
617 157.56 78.41 Brown A
618 173.15 97.42 Green B
619 169.22 64.84 Grey B
620 171.35 69.53 Grey A
621 167.51 69.82 Blue A
622 172.08 88.91 Green B
623 176.04 93.25 Green B
624 163.80 93.83 Grey B
625 167.03 97.65 Green B
626 170.87 85.13 Blue A
627 168.49 80.22 Blue B
628 167.19 72.61 Grey B
629 171.39 83.45 Brown B
630 169.37 61.26 Brown B
631 162.45 90.96 Blue A
632 170.45 81.65 Green A
633 178.46 80.12 Grey A
634 165.12 75.16 Green A
635 172.17 71.29 Blue A
636 175.37 83.39 Blue A
637 167.58 86.51 Grey A
638 162.61 77.20 Green A
639 169.97 82.61 Brown A
640 167.32 78.06 Brown B
641 170.02 60.20 Blue B
642 170.94 87.29 Grey B
643 172.05 63.78 Green B
644 168.90 81.05 Grey B
645 174.59 87.96 Blue B
646 169.00 84.92 Blue B
647 170.28 77.05 Green A
648 168.79 82.82 Blue B
649 177.87 76.57 Grey A
650 163.66 92.38 Grey B
651 168.37 77.60 Brown A
652 169.33 72.71 Green A
653 168.25 75.68 Green A
654 174.54 79.94 Blue B
655 181.66 74.51 Green A
656 161.44 71.19 Blue B
657 172.33 76.96 Brown B
658 162.45 89.13 Green A
659 162.95 51.07 Blue A
660 173.34 81.77 Brown B
661 165.80 82.30 Blue B
662 169.12 83.48 Brown B
663 176.89 78.40 Green A
664 161.50 66.16 Blue A
665 170.55 72.07 Grey A
666 167.19 77.75 Grey B
667 170.28 76.64 Brown B
668 164.92 104.29 Brown B
669 169.22 88.99 Grey A
670 167.77 74.58 Green A
671 170.99 58.05 Green B
672 176.34 84.39 Brown A
673 168.32 94.97 Brown A
674 166.17 91.45 Blue A
675 171.82 85.51 Blue A
676 162.34 57.17 Brown A
677 171.06 76.72 Grey A
678 177.02 98.25 Brown A
679 176.56 77.46 Grey B
680 160.69 87.53 Grey B
681 175.29 64.71 Blue B
682 172.55 91.64 Blue B
683 177.79 85.23 Grey A
684 175.73 78.41 Grey B
685 181.01 78.69 Blue A
686 168.41 88.89 Grey A
687 179.07 86.27 Grey A
688 178.00 71.71 Green A
689 169.81 80.70 Green A
690 155.12 71.77 Grey B
691 170.42 92.39 Grey B
692 165.58 64.96 Green B
693 173.68 79.75 Brown A
694 161.42 61.22 Brown A
695 168.79 85.64 Brown A
696 180.71 96.84 Brown A
697 168.20 96.18 Brown A
698 171.43 74.67 Brown B
699 169.95 82.95 Green B
700 163.99 73.56 Grey A
701 172.80 81.09 Green B
702 166.24 66.84 Blue A
703 170.92 75.61 Blue B
704 165.25 85.26 Green B
705 158.81 93.49 Brown A
706 173.79 89.94 Green B
707 167.63 81.60 Green B
708 166.97 68.97 Grey A
709 179.65 76.68 Green B
710 172.08 75.43 Grey B
711 178.91 75.10 Green B
712 164.60 76.54 Blue B
713 171.39 81.91 Brown B
714 177.66 78.77 Blue A
715 166.53 75.98 Grey A
716 162.02 74.23 Brown A
717 165.02 80.55 Green A
718 169.31 61.25 Grey A
719 166.54 75.42 Grey B
720 163.90 71.52 Grey A
721 164.71 74.74 Blue A
722 161.38 89.26 Green A
723 155.37 73.90 Green A
724 165.16 73.49 Brown A
725 172.84 71.58 Blue A
726 173.04 83.14 Green A
727 177.70 92.63 Green B
728 179.91 74.09 Grey A
729 157.65 74.98 Blue B
730 171.70 75.52 Brown A
731 175.81 91.65 Blue B
732 159.97 79.75 Blue B
733 169.23 88.18 Blue A
734 177.71 82.54 Blue A
735 185.63 89.08 Brown A
736 172.10 88.82 Grey B
737 172.38 62.88 Grey A
738 172.69 86.38 Blue B
739 168.87 80.03 Blue A
740 172.58 85.43 Brown B
741 174.29 61.47 Blue B
742 170.73 77.09 Grey B
743 175.20 84.30 Green B
744 173.93 90.80 Brown A
745 170.48 75.33 Blue A
746 171.30 64.40 Green B
747 160.49 78.24 Green B
748 165.85 88.63 Grey B
749 172.86 65.81 Blue B
750 178.77 79.61 Brown B
751 169.68 85.37 Brown A
752 176.47 72.10 Brown B
753 161.36 83.61 Brown B
754 163.42 76.55 Brown A
755 167.56 87.58 Grey A
756 160.75 86.35 Green B
757 167.24 75.69 Blue B
758 166.42 80.80 Blue A
759 161.96 80.93 Brown A
760 154.14 72.02 Grey B
761 167.76 70.37 Brown B
762 177.89 76.39 Green B
763 163.32 77.49 Grey A
764 172.34 94.71 Blue A
765 170.08 69.00 Brown A
766 163.21 85.88 Brown A
767 179.53 76.13 Brown A
768 170.00 61.58 Grey A
769 164.19 78.30 Grey B
770 168.80 67.94 Blue B
771 170.29 94.27 Grey B
772 167.11 70.58 Blue A
773 169.21 64.81 Blue A
774 175.89 79.13 Brown B
775 164.80 86.67 Blue B
776 170.53 70.60 Blue B
777 168.33 95.61 Blue A
778 175.46 81.03 Blue A
779 176.71 83.61 Brown A
780 163.27 93.97 Green A
781 153.04 79.58 Brown A
782 165.79 75.37 Blue A
783 178.87 76.59 Brown A
784 174.21 84.00 Brown B
785 158.35 74.79 Brown A
786 178.22 70.37 Green A
787 172.05 76.22 Blue A
788 173.19 74.33 Brown B
789 180.96 103.14 Green B
790 179.10 73.10 Grey A
791 166.85 72.06 Blue A
792 167.64 71.96 Brown A
793 175.95 79.44 Blue A
794 188.07 68.59 Green A
795 176.41 68.42 Brown B
796 183.88 76.97 Blue B
797 163.25 83.78 Grey A
798 166.30 83.06 Brown A
799 159.23 85.60 Green B
800 171.43 69.79 Green A
801 172.37 103.77 Brown B
802 168.79 85.25 Blue B
803 174.66 77.39 Grey B
804 167.87 83.97 Brown B
805 168.33 79.58 Blue B
806 174.34 74.14 Brown A
807 185.10 83.33 Brown A
808 175.73 71.23 Green A
809 168.38 83.15 Green B
810 174.03 55.58 Grey A
811 175.10 65.09 Grey A
812 176.77 80.28 Blue A
813 172.68 73.39 Green A
814 180.20 73.30 Blue B
815 168.45 72.61 Green A
816 161.42 83.35 Brown A
817 171.46 70.60 Blue A
818 167.09 68.99 Grey B
819 175.97 80.74 Green A
820 175.48 93.79 Blue A
821 159.10 81.84 Brown B
822 175.87 71.74 Grey A
823 164.99 104.25 Blue A
824 167.44 74.71 Brown A
825 164.92 55.46 Green B
826 164.90 61.65 Grey A
827 174.25 78.74 Blue B
828 170.14 87.78 Blue A
829 162.71 69.95 Blue A
830 172.44 94.59 Green B
831 180.57 95.10 Green B
832 168.80 80.64 Blue B
833 161.51 90.25 Green B
834 166.77 69.13 Brown B
835 179.64 89.57 Grey A
836 163.84 77.23 Brown A
837 168.63 78.31 Grey B
838 173.28 83.25 Grey A
839 169.02 86.82 Blue A
840 160.36 81.03 Blue B
841 173.80 88.59 Green A
842 169.17 72.75 Green A
843 171.62 93.16 Grey A
844 161.21 83.87 Grey B
845 169.78 90.41 Blue A
846 163.89 82.84 Green B
847 162.05 83.40 Blue B
848 170.00 63.33 Brown A
849 173.76 70.82 Brown B
850 165.32 79.71 Brown A
851 174.14 74.45 Brown B
852 166.17 68.32 Green A
853 168.39 70.35 Green A
854 167.49 63.49 Brown B
855 181.23 93.85 Brown B
856 168.55 86.22 Green B
857 161.60 66.89 Brown A
858 160.88 72.89 Brown B
859 180.91 92.68 Brown B
860 178.16 85.66 Grey A
861 174.64 70.92 Grey B
862 172.80 72.38 Blue A
863 170.22 66.55 Blue A
864 176.03 77.12 Grey B
865 183.47 95.21 Brown B
866 168.01 80.84 Grey A
867 163.15 73.95 Grey B
868 167.01 80.89 Brown A
869 174.39 62.71 Brown B
870 172.51 77.99 Green B
871 171.05 90.26 Brown B
872 165.50 73.29 Brown B
873 176.50 75.37 Blue A
874 182.66 72.10 Green A
875 179.03 101.48 Blue A
876 172.15 88.53 Grey A
877 188.55 83.06 Grey B
878 178.72 76.13 Grey B
879 165.07 70.39 Brown A
880 166.21 94.90 Brown B
881 169.37 69.72 Green A
882 167.15 89.87 Green A
883 164.07 87.65 Brown B
884 164.08 76.75 Green A
885 169.75 74.72 Green A
886 165.10 82.61 Brown B
887 160.11 79.11 Brown A
888 174.62 68.35 Blue A
889 165.61 97.05 Green A
890 166.10 93.22 Grey B
891 172.25 80.29 Grey B
892 168.76 89.13 Blue B
893 164.29 93.93 Green A
894 175.76 81.90 Brown B
895 174.39 80.63 Blue B
896 170.13 61.93 Brown A
897 183.35 88.01 Brown A
898 182.42 97.29 Brown B
899 166.17 83.11 Blue B
900 167.70 98.49 Green B
901 173.53 72.78 Brown B
902 176.24 90.60 Brown A
903 177.38 71.39 Brown A
904 173.36 68.58 Brown A
905 171.61 64.73 Brown B
906 169.58 59.89 Brown A
907 172.00 100.91 Green B
908 165.88 69.85 Blue A
909 156.62 80.09 Brown A
910 172.12 66.28 Blue B
911 158.90 77.95 Green A
912 167.17 85.30 Green B
913 173.15 82.71 Green B
914 167.44 79.20 Brown B
915 171.98 77.90 Brown B
916 170.66 95.33 Blue A
917 172.98 88.13 Grey B
918 168.84 80.82 Brown B
919 182.20 87.34 Grey A
920 171.63 88.77 Brown B
921 173.44 86.41 Blue B
922 176.66 66.46 Blue A
923 168.46 76.33 Blue A
924 167.12 80.56 Green A
925 177.49 65.36 Grey A
926 174.90 86.49 Grey A
927 170.93 90.05 Brown A
928 177.55 82.67 Brown A
929 171.04 78.77 Blue B
930 180.93 83.44 Green A
931 172.36 85.08 Grey B
932 177.97 85.38 Grey B
933 172.63 89.17 Grey A
934 180.81 106.04 Green A
935 171.74 64.90 Green A
936 176.53 69.92 Green B
937 175.92 83.10 Green A
938 174.65 72.20 Grey B
939 166.98 80.20 Brown B
940 171.37 66.58 Grey A
941 173.05 76.38 Green A
942 172.16 81.46 Green B
943 170.45 88.33 Blue A
944 168.35 85.92 Blue B
945 170.95 91.78 Grey A
946 161.03 69.48 Green B
947 172.66 81.88 Blue A
948 170.65 83.05 Grey A
949 164.40 68.25 Green B
950 172.70 50.94 Brown B
951 170.32 71.78 Blue A
952 176.71 93.35 Green B
953 163.07 71.10 Brown A
954 171.65 86.31 Grey B
955 171.86 69.33 Grey B
956 168.38 87.56 Blue B
957 171.15 82.60 Grey B
958 165.44 67.44 Green A
959 166.85 94.28 Blue A
960 167.34 100.97 Green B
961 167.46 81.02 Grey A
962 161.70 74.45 Brown A
963 177.68 71.37 Blue B
964 168.17 66.62 Blue B
965 179.48 62.30 Green A
966 182.56 62.08 Brown B
967 176.54 76.80 Brown A
968 182.15 89.14 Grey B
969 164.79 82.99 Green B
970 168.82 74.39 Brown B
971 167.20 70.01 Green B
972 173.09 72.47 Grey B
973 176.44 103.66 Green B
974 166.38 82.38 Grey A
975 175.55 83.20 Green A
976 173.34 81.73 Blue A
977 163.18 76.81 Blue A
978 174.41 63.24 Blue A
979 165.87 66.21 Blue B
980 176.75 78.39 Grey A
981 161.80 67.77 Grey A
982 176.50 89.28 Green A
983 163.55 84.68 Grey A
984 160.48 87.18 Grey B
985 168.39 76.76 Blue A
986 177.16 94.77 Green B
987 163.99 91.52 Grey B
988 185.12 75.66 Brown A
989 167.55 65.58 Blue A
990 164.02 92.33 Brown A
991 174.11 76.34 Blue B
992 166.91 77.26 Green A
993 163.97 62.49 Grey B
994 161.71 79.40 Grey B
995 172.36 83.25 Grey B
996 167.56 84.92 Grey A
997 162.12 94.01 Brown B
998 167.10 83.69 Brown B
999 174.43 53.74 Grey B
1000 162.40 72.66 Blue A

How similar are these groups?

Let’s first check their heights:

How similar are these groups?

And their weights:

How similar are these groups?

And their eye colors:

Making sure this wasn’t a fluke

Let’s re-run this:

ID Height Weight Eye colour Group
1 163.50 51.02 Green B
2 158.59 67.85 Brown A
3 167.27 100.77 Grey A
4 171.20 96.57 Brown A
5 176.73 99.36 Brown A
6 171.27 67.45 Green B
7 163.89 66.60 Brown A
8 166.68 65.18 Brown A
9 173.22 83.49 Blue A
10 161.32 51.68 Blue B
11 176.04 76.59 Brown A
12 168.14 86.55 Blue B
13 170.97 89.07 Grey A
14 173.18 93.92 Grey A
15 169.78 78.97 Grey A
16 167.35 89.47 Green A
17 162.37 86.75 Grey A
18 168.39 92.60 Grey B
19 165.94 93.87 Brown B
20 164.31 80.64 Grey B
21 171.31 76.46 Green B
22 169.47 80.13 Grey B
23 170.54 75.79 Brown A
24 170.73 83.05 Blue A
25 157.82 87.06 Grey B
26 170.15 85.75 Blue B
27 165.31 72.37 Brown A
28 166.26 82.47 Green B
29 163.05 90.70 Grey B
30 165.19 66.27 Brown B
31 169.10 61.17 Grey B
32 167.48 81.88 Brown A
33 164.96 82.02 Grey A
34 186.37 68.51 Grey B
35 176.76 81.10 Grey B
36 159.32 101.65 Brown A
37 179.20 89.20 Grey B
38 166.77 107.99 Brown A
39 176.69 66.04 Blue B
40 171.04 84.78 Green A
41 166.63 75.48 Brown A
42 173.91 69.24 Green B
43 178.65 77.45 Blue A
44 160.77 74.54 Green A
45 166.15 67.40 Green A
46 169.80 70.85 Grey A
47 172.44 88.02 Blue B
48 168.90 68.61 Brown B
49 167.07 72.82 Blue A
50 170.83 81.23 Green A
51 179.08 79.76 Green A
52 174.60 77.90 Blue A
53 172.14 64.44 Blue A
54 164.51 68.54 Blue A
55 163.14 80.08 Brown A
56 180.28 67.35 Brown B
57 176.37 68.70 Blue B
58 174.63 89.90 Brown A
59 173.11 83.36 Blue B
60 173.18 78.45 Blue A
61 169.73 71.76 Green A
62 166.36 69.75 Blue A
63 161.72 89.90 Blue A
64 170.42 82.90 Green A
65 159.55 77.99 Blue B
66 166.38 86.59 Grey B
67 169.71 94.59 Blue A
68 164.85 83.93 Green B
69 165.62 92.58 Grey A
70 172.43 77.34 Blue A
71 165.32 87.15 Blue B
72 169.01 76.38 Grey B
73 173.02 102.48 Green B
74 169.47 80.87 Blue B
75 165.74 67.71 Brown A
76 168.55 81.94 Green A
77 173.12 78.17 Blue A
78 168.83 77.19 Green A
79 172.92 85.47 Green A
80 177.48 61.23 Grey B
81 166.90 85.79 Blue B
82 171.37 95.82 Green B
83 170.34 67.40 Green A
84 173.41 70.70 Green B
85 178.47 84.92 Grey B
86 163.09 86.29 Brown A
87 171.29 78.56 Brown B
88 164.03 68.62 Green B
89 172.02 82.60 Brown A
90 166.43 80.62 Grey B
91 180.87 75.10 Blue B
92 174.57 82.59 Brown B
93 172.47 96.47 Brown A
94 174.95 66.32 Brown A
95 169.22 85.50 Grey A
96 168.71 85.01 Green A
97 169.55 90.42 Blue A
98 172.48 83.88 Brown A
99 174.98 71.11 Green A
100 158.09 72.39 Grey A
101 173.67 90.91 Brown A
102 175.22 85.49 Brown A
103 173.49 85.53 Brown B
104 175.57 76.26 Grey B
105 174.40 86.53 Blue B
106 160.91 73.16 Brown A
107 181.37 87.86 Grey B
108 162.83 82.04 Green B
109 168.39 72.68 Grey B
110 174.09 79.03 Brown B
111 165.78 82.54 Brown B
112 164.66 81.11 Grey B
113 170.95 71.86 Green A
114 183.81 74.11 Green A
115 164.18 70.09 Grey B
116 180.62 88.44 Grey A
117 176.18 73.82 Brown B
118 172.61 84.04 Brown B
119 173.49 82.29 Grey B
120 172.77 84.49 Green B
121 173.47 91.13 Brown B
122 165.50 89.53 Brown B
123 162.08 68.30 Blue A
124 168.39 76.78 Green A
125 172.80 81.11 Blue B
126 164.55 78.28 Brown B
127 164.21 79.08 Brown A
128 163.90 80.06 Green B
129 177.94 76.67 Grey A
130 162.21 81.76 Green A
131 171.58 86.05 Grey B
132 162.99 83.67 Blue A
133 172.21 83.29 Blue A
134 161.21 83.90 Green A
135 164.52 82.18 Blue B
136 174.31 84.19 Brown B
137 170.05 83.41 Brown A
138 167.39 91.75 Grey A
139 173.03 77.44 Green A
140 177.30 79.30 Brown A
141 179.64 88.73 Brown A
142 178.25 78.32 Blue A
143 171.61 78.52 Brown A
144 175.66 92.69 Blue A
145 167.63 69.57 Blue A
146 173.31 88.53 Green B
147 161.54 86.11 Grey A
148 177.75 68.18 Brown B
149 177.29 59.54 Green A
150 172.91 81.68 Brown B
151 174.95 88.17 Green A
152 170.82 82.62 Blue A
153 166.39 83.77 Green A
154 171.07 83.85 Brown B
155 174.83 77.55 Blue A
156 179.33 79.96 Brown A
157 169.00 87.60 Green A
158 175.91 77.64 Brown B
159 163.08 95.82 Green B
160 163.96 78.15 Green B
161 174.47 74.78 Green B
162 181.56 83.73 Green B
163 168.48 78.39 Brown B
164 165.91 77.89 Brown B
165 176.88 70.23 Grey A
166 170.47 73.42 Grey B
167 162.60 75.74 Brown A
168 170.69 70.58 Blue B
169 171.48 88.06 Grey B
170 166.65 89.41 Brown B
171 172.90 92.60 Grey A
172 171.54 91.61 Brown B
173 178.63 80.49 Brown A
174 172.19 78.68 Brown B
175 161.94 79.89 Brown A
176 177.28 67.94 Grey B
177 176.40 65.87 Brown A
178 168.74 91.05 Green B
179 171.90 94.06 Grey A
180 167.46 74.59 Brown A
181 163.53 94.53 Green A
182 164.76 74.95 Blue B
183 175.50 97.35 Grey A
184 166.52 82.93 Brown A
185 162.33 69.56 Grey A
186 169.22 80.30 Blue A
187 170.63 83.00 Blue A
188 169.26 78.58 Grey B
189 169.75 85.44 Brown B
190 168.41 87.62 Grey B
191 176.73 75.66 Green A
192 150.70 80.41 Grey B
193 166.42 91.09 Grey B
194 178.50 98.27 Grey A
195 175.78 55.17 Blue B
196 171.07 80.13 Grey B
197 170.83 66.81 Grey A
198 175.64 69.58 Green A
199 177.50 74.03 Green B
200 177.57 70.51 Brown B
201 159.72 71.07 Blue A
202 175.91 88.42 Blue B
203 168.42 84.37 Blue B
204 174.91 88.07 Brown A
205 174.75 87.16 Grey B
206 169.99 91.14 Green A
207 170.86 88.76 Brown B
208 173.13 79.06 Blue A
209 171.71 71.80 Green A
210 174.35 76.64 Brown A
211 166.61 87.08 Green A
212 175.32 79.02 Brown B
213 166.53 75.03 Blue A
214 174.69 83.94 Blue A
215 174.88 98.54 Blue A
216 172.58 62.91 Blue A
217 171.28 73.71 Blue B
218 178.09 85.52 Brown A
219 171.10 83.16 Brown A
220 166.37 70.69 Blue A
221 168.76 76.01 Brown A
222 181.46 93.33 Blue A
223 177.88 80.35 Blue B
224 169.59 94.14 Grey B
225 165.70 72.98 Brown A
226 169.24 81.15 Green A
227 169.91 59.92 Brown A
228 166.34 98.93 Green A
229 165.85 70.13 Grey B
230 182.12 62.52 Blue B
231 156.71 75.65 Blue A
232 173.73 83.34 Green B
233 164.11 94.26 Blue A
234 173.88 91.26 Green A
235 165.84 82.85 Green A
236 167.45 95.24 Brown B
237 172.88 98.14 Brown B
238 172.26 56.62 Green B
239 159.74 73.27 Green B
240 169.39 67.71 Grey A
241 168.78 94.91 Green A
242 169.29 84.47 Brown A
243 177.02 85.73 Brown A
244 165.28 70.58 Grey A
245 162.94 65.51 Blue A
246 175.14 56.31 Grey B
247 163.07 86.61 Brown B
248 163.58 85.90 Grey A
249 172.08 73.05 Green A
250 180.25 91.15 Brown B
251 173.07 83.22 Blue A
252 169.55 84.29 Green B
253 170.60 94.09 Green A
254 169.81 86.36 Green A
255 170.83 83.72 Green A
256 167.53 70.92 Blue A
257 169.10 74.07 Grey B
258 166.01 88.61 Green A
259 174.65 67.01 Green B
260 173.88 97.54 Brown B
261 167.07 89.93 Blue B
262 170.57 81.57 Grey A
263 161.16 78.30 Brown A
264 165.19 79.49 Green B
265 172.29 79.18 Blue A
266 169.97 75.82 Green A
267 172.09 90.13 Grey A
268 168.93 86.38 Green A
269 177.67 90.99 Blue B
270 158.66 62.97 Blue A
271 160.88 76.84 Green A
272 170.85 63.78 Brown A
273 182.26 69.15 Blue B
274 177.17 90.89 Green A
275 174.17 83.54 Brown B
276 162.31 68.60 Brown B
277 156.24 76.66 Green B
278 176.13 83.82 Blue A
279 165.70 87.14 Grey B
280 153.62 75.91 Grey A
281 176.15 87.51 Brown A
282 169.67 85.90 Green A
283 169.27 79.04 Grey A
284 166.86 86.22 Brown A
285 175.27 76.89 Brown A
286 166.96 81.44 Brown A
287 176.05 72.49 Green B
288 154.88 67.87 Blue A
289 177.42 85.19 Grey A
290 167.88 75.87 Brown A
291 164.48 80.37 Brown B
292 179.50 80.74 Brown B
293 167.36 74.58 Green B
294 173.45 65.07 Brown A
295 170.22 69.68 Brown A
296 173.05 84.33 Blue A
297 170.51 66.16 Green A
298 164.37 91.74 Brown B
299 173.23 71.65 Green A
300 165.87 69.89 Grey B
301 165.04 79.70 Green A
302 167.28 69.37 Blue B
303 170.93 77.76 Blue A
304 164.89 83.87 Brown B
305 173.83 74.87 Blue A
306 173.13 75.58 Blue A
307 153.69 90.91 Brown B
308 165.23 87.04 Blue B
309 178.19 69.74 Brown B
310 181.22 72.40 Blue A
311 188.00 80.74 Grey B
312 176.46 82.32 Green B
313 162.02 92.51 Grey B
314 170.35 74.78 Blue B
315 173.28 70.01 Blue B
316 164.73 70.45 Green B
317 172.63 80.51 Grey B
318 173.32 97.57 Grey B
319 164.73 70.90 Blue B
320 174.46 81.24 Grey A
321 164.98 77.67 Grey A
322 176.91 80.88 Blue A
323 177.65 80.51 Blue B
324 171.47 78.76 Grey A
325 158.14 79.01 Green B
326 162.75 91.57 Brown B
327 171.60 87.74 Green A
328 164.11 63.54 Blue B
329 153.75 79.19 Blue A
330 166.91 85.25 Brown B
331 162.83 71.22 Grey B
332 170.69 77.21 Brown A
333 167.78 68.61 Green A
334 182.45 74.43 Brown A
335 167.78 77.05 Blue A
336 182.73 77.38 Grey B
337 166.20 70.54 Blue B
338 168.93 86.31 Grey A
339 168.85 74.55 Green B
340 175.11 94.46 Brown A
341 177.44 83.78 Green B
342 171.60 86.09 Green A
343 177.01 80.37 Green A
344 168.32 73.50 Brown B
345 169.25 74.21 Brown A
346 164.27 85.49 Blue A
347 172.64 69.56 Green A
348 172.93 78.40 Green B
349 163.19 73.69 Green A
350 178.24 80.02 Brown A
351 179.10 82.56 Grey A
352 166.08 94.83 Brown B
353 175.38 73.52 Grey A
354 175.38 76.57 Green B
355 167.67 69.69 Blue B
356 167.56 68.26 Blue B
357 175.36 77.03 Brown A
358 180.14 74.44 Green B
359 170.19 75.90 Green B
360 180.00 74.53 Brown B
361 165.21 69.36 Grey B
362 170.66 92.65 Green B
363 175.05 81.48 Brown A
364 165.75 92.13 Grey B
365 165.79 77.52 Blue B
366 167.52 92.68 Green B
367 171.31 66.21 Grey A
368 175.31 74.94 Blue A
369 166.98 83.01 Grey B
370 161.13 76.15 Grey B
371 173.33 56.73 Brown A
372 172.54 88.43 Green A
373 166.97 86.91 Grey B
374 166.49 89.88 Green B
375 167.08 59.51 Grey B
376 160.93 92.40 Grey A
377 165.51 83.28 Brown B
378 171.01 74.21 Green A
379 160.93 75.81 Green A
380 166.78 71.41 Grey B
381 180.68 94.37 Blue B
382 164.22 88.84 Brown B
383 158.72 63.83 Blue B
384 173.26 60.82 Brown B
385 170.47 72.02 Green B
386 181.62 79.90 Blue A
387 183.14 95.35 Grey B
388 170.50 89.81 Grey B
389 159.52 73.77 Grey B
390 170.46 101.42 Brown B
391 163.99 79.85 Blue A
392 174.06 76.59 Blue A
393 170.15 76.01 Blue A
394 167.26 82.78 Brown A
395 162.87 88.76 Blue A
396 170.35 86.57 Blue A
397 165.90 83.16 Green B
398 170.37 74.56 Grey B
399 174.03 94.45 Green A
400 172.37 86.92 Blue B
401 170.30 53.15 Blue B
402 180.09 81.70 Brown A
403 178.27 89.95 Green A
404 159.35 68.46 Grey B
405 164.14 73.38 Brown B
406 174.22 89.30 Blue B
407 171.54 74.62 Blue B
408 162.12 79.35 Grey A
409 175.40 72.50 Brown B
410 159.02 98.26 Blue B
411 154.16 76.33 Green B
412 171.21 95.23 Blue B
413 169.76 79.68 Grey A
414 168.75 71.05 Green A
415 174.06 79.50 Grey B
416 157.98 69.46 Grey B
417 172.08 80.74 Green B
418 152.35 85.52 Green B
419 174.28 77.20 Grey A
420 170.82 87.09 Green A
421 175.13 76.86 Green B
422 173.62 73.09 Blue A
423 172.27 76.91 Brown B
424 169.57 93.18 Grey B
425 169.72 85.86 Brown A
426 159.97 88.07 Blue B
427 170.43 76.60 Brown B
428 172.75 69.35 Grey B
429 168.80 86.72 Brown A
430 173.44 79.08 Brown A
431 173.40 78.99 Grey A
432 169.92 89.93 Blue A
433 167.69 49.69 Blue B
434 171.47 79.35 Blue A
435 171.98 71.02 Grey A
436 155.29 68.55 Brown B
437 176.27 85.86 Brown A
438 157.90 67.12 Green A
439 162.79 77.74 Blue B
440 176.30 80.50 Brown A
441 167.34 77.44 Green A
442 172.40 74.57 Blue A
443 171.88 96.10 Grey B
444 179.19 70.35 Blue A
445 172.45 73.66 Brown B
446 176.42 63.65 Blue B
447 172.81 82.08 Grey A
448 170.48 79.01 Brown A
449 170.63 75.54 Grey A
450 175.40 62.40 Grey B
451 173.67 91.60 Brown B
452 165.10 73.30 Green A
453 170.03 86.94 Brown A
454 170.52 76.22 Green A
455 174.52 91.73 Grey A
456 169.93 72.29 Blue B
457 168.90 86.01 Grey B
458 178.71 56.21 Blue A
459 166.84 79.64 Brown B
460 169.40 86.37 Green A
461 170.97 77.97 Brown A
462 164.09 84.52 Blue A
463 168.83 67.99 Green B
464 171.06 75.51 Brown A
465 168.71 77.03 Green A
466 167.68 70.63 Green A
467 172.64 85.05 Brown A
468 173.54 81.00 Blue B
469 169.57 74.80 Brown B
470 170.72 76.84 Green A
471 171.70 61.31 Blue A
472 174.68 72.36 Green B
473 172.46 93.46 Grey A
474 167.12 92.84 Green B
475 173.01 78.67 Green A
476 165.11 68.31 Brown B
477 170.36 72.03 Grey A
478 162.22 76.28 Grey A
479 166.68 105.22 Brown B
480 167.55 85.05 Blue B
481 177.88 59.91 Green A
482 176.96 89.41 Green A
483 163.23 77.93 Green B
484 166.19 87.49 Grey A
485 167.78 49.55 Blue B
486 169.23 87.97 Grey B
487 161.95 75.42 Brown B
488 160.28 82.43 Blue A
489 177.94 59.52 Brown B
490 167.73 73.23 Grey B
491 171.00 86.70 Brown A
492 171.07 77.92 Grey A
493 178.75 74.42 Blue B
494 179.88 69.86 Blue B
495 167.31 66.47 Brown B
496 178.13 96.39 Green B
497 169.69 94.94 Grey B
498 161.10 64.36 Brown A
499 180.85 68.11 Green B
500 175.37 82.69 Blue A
501 161.25 87.23 Blue A
502 175.63 77.27 Brown B
503 179.69 88.30 Green A
504 163.52 79.11 Green B
505 177.97 59.47 Grey A
506 168.33 89.54 Green A
507 166.65 68.24 Brown B
508 164.57 81.62 Grey B
509 168.84 67.72 Grey A
510 165.35 78.77 Grey A
511 173.66 83.66 Blue B
512 166.27 84.91 Grey A
513 171.72 79.23 Brown A
514 177.28 95.60 Blue A
515 175.11 75.68 Blue B
516 181.14 70.77 Green A
517 178.33 74.71 Grey A
518 158.55 95.83 Green A
519 171.82 74.30 Grey A
520 157.54 83.48 Blue B
521 166.08 81.66 Grey A
522 169.93 78.81 Brown B
523 165.77 103.88 Grey B
524 155.82 77.37 Blue B
525 164.36 77.02 Green B
526 167.73 63.63 Green A
527 170.05 77.88 Green A
528 173.01 88.81 Green B
529 164.03 73.35 Grey A
530 172.41 80.16 Blue B
531 175.06 79.56 Blue B
532 171.41 76.55 Grey B
533 161.50 92.74 Grey B
534 164.19 76.75 Blue B
535 174.68 87.08 Brown B
536 168.63 83.96 Blue B
537 164.63 67.99 Grey B
538 171.69 76.39 Grey A
539 175.09 76.43 Grey B
540 169.67 63.24 Green A
541 178.18 76.51 Grey B
542 162.02 80.91 Brown B
543 175.37 81.69 Green B
544 165.75 88.47 Green B
545 165.46 67.33 Grey A
546 164.29 75.25 Blue A
547 170.99 71.52 Grey B
548 162.18 69.45 Brown A
549 163.43 74.63 Blue B
550 168.78 90.53 Brown B
551 169.24 76.32 Blue B
552 176.67 80.75 Blue A
553 183.25 78.54 Grey B
554 173.34 67.93 Green B
555 167.13 79.84 Brown A
556 173.97 82.96 Grey B
557 172.58 70.53 Blue B
558 171.63 72.74 Brown B
559 174.51 88.61 Brown A
560 167.55 64.17 Blue B
561 191.05 91.46 Brown A
562 172.74 74.84 Green A
563 165.68 86.49 Brown B
564 157.16 81.86 Green B
565 175.71 86.18 Grey A
566 175.83 68.62 Green B
567 159.18 93.47 Grey A
568 162.67 59.03 Grey B
569 167.51 68.99 Green B
570 172.03 70.79 Brown A
571 164.69 75.44 Brown B
572 182.12 85.40 Grey B
573 167.59 70.57 Green B
574 161.73 75.98 Blue B
575 170.59 96.99 Grey B
576 168.09 71.46 Grey A
577 156.39 73.59 Brown A
578 173.32 82.58 Blue B
579 170.25 77.27 Green B
580 177.45 88.33 Green B
581 167.38 80.41 Grey A
582 172.24 75.70 Blue B
583 169.27 81.98 Brown B
584 163.69 78.77 Brown A
585 166.74 76.70 Brown A
586 176.79 73.87 Blue A
587 169.36 84.08 Grey B
588 166.34 82.18 Green B
589 170.57 92.04 Green B
590 167.34 66.63 Grey B
591 163.01 95.76 Green B
592 169.16 74.62 Grey B
593 173.39 70.44 Grey A
594 180.80 69.99 Grey B
595 166.74 69.48 Grey B
596 165.72 73.53 Green B
597 171.52 96.03 Green B
598 162.42 76.93 Green B
599 174.56 79.08 Blue A
600 168.99 79.11 Grey B
601 171.44 79.16 Brown B
602 165.29 85.46 Blue B
603 169.98 86.88 Brown A
604 166.40 103.06 Brown B
605 170.39 72.03 Blue A
606 181.44 68.93 Brown A
607 170.22 73.43 Brown B
608 166.45 84.95 Grey B
609 164.57 81.91 Brown A
610 160.08 91.73 Blue A
611 170.82 90.09 Brown A
612 173.07 71.16 Brown A
613 159.20 78.37 Blue A
614 170.19 83.06 Grey A
615 171.21 94.12 Grey B
616 163.18 85.11 Green B
617 157.56 78.41 Brown B
618 173.15 97.42 Green A
619 169.22 64.84 Grey B
620 171.35 69.53 Grey A
621 167.51 69.82 Blue A
622 172.08 88.91 Green B
623 176.04 93.25 Green B
624 163.80 93.83 Grey A
625 167.03 97.65 Green A
626 170.87 85.13 Blue B
627 168.49 80.22 Blue B
628 167.19 72.61 Grey A
629 171.39 83.45 Brown A
630 169.37 61.26 Brown A
631 162.45 90.96 Blue B
632 170.45 81.65 Green B
633 178.46 80.12 Grey A
634 165.12 75.16 Green A
635 172.17 71.29 Blue A
636 175.37 83.39 Blue B
637 167.58 86.51 Grey A
638 162.61 77.20 Green A
639 169.97 82.61 Brown A
640 167.32 78.06 Brown B
641 170.02 60.20 Blue A
642 170.94 87.29 Grey A
643 172.05 63.78 Green A
644 168.90 81.05 Grey B
645 174.59 87.96 Blue B
646 169.00 84.92 Blue A
647 170.28 77.05 Green B
648 168.79 82.82 Blue B
649 177.87 76.57 Grey A
650 163.66 92.38 Grey B
651 168.37 77.60 Brown A
652 169.33 72.71 Green B
653 168.25 75.68 Green A
654 174.54 79.94 Blue A
655 181.66 74.51 Green A
656 161.44 71.19 Blue B
657 172.33 76.96 Brown B
658 162.45 89.13 Green A
659 162.95 51.07 Blue A
660 173.34 81.77 Brown B
661 165.80 82.30 Blue B
662 169.12 83.48 Brown A
663 176.89 78.40 Green A
664 161.50 66.16 Blue A
665 170.55 72.07 Grey B
666 167.19 77.75 Grey B
667 170.28 76.64 Brown A
668 164.92 104.29 Brown A
669 169.22 88.99 Grey A
670 167.77 74.58 Green B
671 170.99 58.05 Green A
672 176.34 84.39 Brown B
673 168.32 94.97 Brown B
674 166.17 91.45 Blue B
675 171.82 85.51 Blue A
676 162.34 57.17 Brown B
677 171.06 76.72 Grey A
678 177.02 98.25 Brown B
679 176.56 77.46 Grey B
680 160.69 87.53 Grey A
681 175.29 64.71 Blue A
682 172.55 91.64 Blue B
683 177.79 85.23 Grey B
684 175.73 78.41 Grey B
685 181.01 78.69 Blue B
686 168.41 88.89 Grey B
687 179.07 86.27 Grey A
688 178.00 71.71 Green B
689 169.81 80.70 Green A
690 155.12 71.77 Grey B
691 170.42 92.39 Grey A
692 165.58 64.96 Green B
693 173.68 79.75 Brown A
694 161.42 61.22 Brown A
695 168.79 85.64 Brown B
696 180.71 96.84 Brown B
697 168.20 96.18 Brown A
698 171.43 74.67 Brown A
699 169.95 82.95 Green A
700 163.99 73.56 Grey B
701 172.80 81.09 Green A
702 166.24 66.84 Blue B
703 170.92 75.61 Blue B
704 165.25 85.26 Green A
705 158.81 93.49 Brown A
706 173.79 89.94 Green B
707 167.63 81.60 Green A
708 166.97 68.97 Grey A
709 179.65 76.68 Green A
710 172.08 75.43 Grey A
711 178.91 75.10 Green B
712 164.60 76.54 Blue A
713 171.39 81.91 Brown B
714 177.66 78.77 Blue A
715 166.53 75.98 Grey A
716 162.02 74.23 Brown A
717 165.02 80.55 Green B
718 169.31 61.25 Grey B
719 166.54 75.42 Grey B
720 163.90 71.52 Grey B
721 164.71 74.74 Blue B
722 161.38 89.26 Green A
723 155.37 73.90 Green B
724 165.16 73.49 Brown B
725 172.84 71.58 Blue B
726 173.04 83.14 Green A
727 177.70 92.63 Green A
728 179.91 74.09 Grey B
729 157.65 74.98 Blue B
730 171.70 75.52 Brown A
731 175.81 91.65 Blue B
732 159.97 79.75 Blue B
733 169.23 88.18 Blue B
734 177.71 82.54 Blue A
735 185.63 89.08 Brown B
736 172.10 88.82 Grey A
737 172.38 62.88 Grey B
738 172.69 86.38 Blue B
739 168.87 80.03 Blue B
740 172.58 85.43 Brown A
741 174.29 61.47 Blue B
742 170.73 77.09 Grey A
743 175.20 84.30 Green B
744 173.93 90.80 Brown B
745 170.48 75.33 Blue B
746 171.30 64.40 Green B
747 160.49 78.24 Green A
748 165.85 88.63 Grey A
749 172.86 65.81 Blue A
750 178.77 79.61 Brown B
751 169.68 85.37 Brown B
752 176.47 72.10 Brown B
753 161.36 83.61 Brown A
754 163.42 76.55 Brown A
755 167.56 87.58 Grey A
756 160.75 86.35 Green B
757 167.24 75.69 Blue B
758 166.42 80.80 Blue B
759 161.96 80.93 Brown B
760 154.14 72.02 Grey B
761 167.76 70.37 Brown A
762 177.89 76.39 Green B
763 163.32 77.49 Grey A
764 172.34 94.71 Blue B
765 170.08 69.00 Brown A
766 163.21 85.88 Brown A
767 179.53 76.13 Brown B
768 170.00 61.58 Grey A
769 164.19 78.30 Grey B
770 168.80 67.94 Blue B
771 170.29 94.27 Grey B
772 167.11 70.58 Blue B
773 169.21 64.81 Blue A
774 175.89 79.13 Brown A
775 164.80 86.67 Blue B
776 170.53 70.60 Blue A
777 168.33 95.61 Blue B
778 175.46 81.03 Blue B
779 176.71 83.61 Brown A
780 163.27 93.97 Green B
781 153.04 79.58 Brown A
782 165.79 75.37 Blue B
783 178.87 76.59 Brown A
784 174.21 84.00 Brown B
785 158.35 74.79 Brown A
786 178.22 70.37 Green A
787 172.05 76.22 Blue A
788 173.19 74.33 Brown A
789 180.96 103.14 Green B
790 179.10 73.10 Grey A
791 166.85 72.06 Blue B
792 167.64 71.96 Brown A
793 175.95 79.44 Blue B
794 188.07 68.59 Green A
795 176.41 68.42 Brown A
796 183.88 76.97 Blue A
797 163.25 83.78 Grey B
798 166.30 83.06 Brown A
799 159.23 85.60 Green A
800 171.43 69.79 Green A
801 172.37 103.77 Brown B
802 168.79 85.25 Blue B
803 174.66 77.39 Grey B
804 167.87 83.97 Brown A
805 168.33 79.58 Blue B
806 174.34 74.14 Brown B
807 185.10 83.33 Brown A
808 175.73 71.23 Green B
809 168.38 83.15 Green B
810 174.03 55.58 Grey A
811 175.10 65.09 Grey A
812 176.77 80.28 Blue B
813 172.68 73.39 Green A
814 180.20 73.30 Blue B
815 168.45 72.61 Green B
816 161.42 83.35 Brown A
817 171.46 70.60 Blue B
818 167.09 68.99 Grey A
819 175.97 80.74 Green A
820 175.48 93.79 Blue B
821 159.10 81.84 Brown A
822 175.87 71.74 Grey A
823 164.99 104.25 Blue B
824 167.44 74.71 Brown B
825 164.92 55.46 Green A
826 164.90 61.65 Grey B
827 174.25 78.74 Blue A
828 170.14 87.78 Blue A
829 162.71 69.95 Blue B
830 172.44 94.59 Green A
831 180.57 95.10 Green A
832 168.80 80.64 Blue A
833 161.51 90.25 Green A
834 166.77 69.13 Brown A
835 179.64 89.57 Grey A
836 163.84 77.23 Brown A
837 168.63 78.31 Grey A
838 173.28 83.25 Grey B
839 169.02 86.82 Blue B
840 160.36 81.03 Blue A
841 173.80 88.59 Green A
842 169.17 72.75 Green B
843 171.62 93.16 Grey B
844 161.21 83.87 Grey A
845 169.78 90.41 Blue B
846 163.89 82.84 Green B
847 162.05 83.40 Blue A
848 170.00 63.33 Brown B
849 173.76 70.82 Brown A
850 165.32 79.71 Brown A
851 174.14 74.45 Brown A
852 166.17 68.32 Green A
853 168.39 70.35 Green B
854 167.49 63.49 Brown B
855 181.23 93.85 Brown B
856 168.55 86.22 Green B
857 161.60 66.89 Brown A
858 160.88 72.89 Brown B
859 180.91 92.68 Brown B
860 178.16 85.66 Grey A
861 174.64 70.92 Grey A
862 172.80 72.38 Blue A
863 170.22 66.55 Blue B
864 176.03 77.12 Grey A
865 183.47 95.21 Brown A
866 168.01 80.84 Grey B
867 163.15 73.95 Grey A
868 167.01 80.89 Brown A
869 174.39 62.71 Brown A
870 172.51 77.99 Green A
871 171.05 90.26 Brown B
872 165.50 73.29 Brown A
873 176.50 75.37 Blue B
874 182.66 72.10 Green A
875 179.03 101.48 Blue A
876 172.15 88.53 Grey A
877 188.55 83.06 Grey A
878 178.72 76.13 Grey A
879 165.07 70.39 Brown B
880 166.21 94.90 Brown A
881 169.37 69.72 Green B
882 167.15 89.87 Green B
883 164.07 87.65 Brown B
884 164.08 76.75 Green A
885 169.75 74.72 Green B
886 165.10 82.61 Brown B
887 160.11 79.11 Brown A
888 174.62 68.35 Blue A
889 165.61 97.05 Green A
890 166.10 93.22 Grey A
891 172.25 80.29 Grey B
892 168.76 89.13 Blue B
893 164.29 93.93 Green A
894 175.76 81.90 Brown A
895 174.39 80.63 Blue B
896 170.13 61.93 Brown A
897 183.35 88.01 Brown A
898 182.42 97.29 Brown A
899 166.17 83.11 Blue B
900 167.70 98.49 Green A
901 173.53 72.78 Brown B
902 176.24 90.60 Brown A
903 177.38 71.39 Brown B
904 173.36 68.58 Brown B
905 171.61 64.73 Brown A
906 169.58 59.89 Brown B
907 172.00 100.91 Green B
908 165.88 69.85 Blue B
909 156.62 80.09 Brown A
910 172.12 66.28 Blue A
911 158.90 77.95 Green A
912 167.17 85.30 Green A
913 173.15 82.71 Green A
914 167.44 79.20 Brown B
915 171.98 77.90 Brown A
916 170.66 95.33 Blue B
917 172.98 88.13 Grey A
918 168.84 80.82 Brown B
919 182.20 87.34 Grey B
920 171.63 88.77 Brown B
921 173.44 86.41 Blue B
922 176.66 66.46 Blue B
923 168.46 76.33 Blue B
924 167.12 80.56 Green B
925 177.49 65.36 Grey A
926 174.90 86.49 Grey A
927 170.93 90.05 Brown B
928 177.55 82.67 Brown B
929 171.04 78.77 Blue A
930 180.93 83.44 Green A
931 172.36 85.08 Grey A
932 177.97 85.38 Grey B
933 172.63 89.17 Grey A
934 180.81 106.04 Green A
935 171.74 64.90 Green A
936 176.53 69.92 Green A
937 175.92 83.10 Green A
938 174.65 72.20 Grey A
939 166.98 80.20 Brown B
940 171.37 66.58 Grey B
941 173.05 76.38 Green B
942 172.16 81.46 Green A
943 170.45 88.33 Blue A
944 168.35 85.92 Blue B
945 170.95 91.78 Grey A
946 161.03 69.48 Green B
947 172.66 81.88 Blue A
948 170.65 83.05 Grey A
949 164.40 68.25 Green A
950 172.70 50.94 Brown B
951 170.32 71.78 Blue A
952 176.71 93.35 Green A
953 163.07 71.10 Brown A
954 171.65 86.31 Grey A
955 171.86 69.33 Grey B
956 168.38 87.56 Blue B
957 171.15 82.60 Grey B
958 165.44 67.44 Green B
959 166.85 94.28 Blue B
960 167.34 100.97 Green A
961 167.46 81.02 Grey A
962 161.70 74.45 Brown A
963 177.68 71.37 Blue B
964 168.17 66.62 Blue B
965 179.48 62.30 Green B
966 182.56 62.08 Brown B
967 176.54 76.80 Brown B
968 182.15 89.14 Grey B
969 164.79 82.99 Green B
970 168.82 74.39 Brown A
971 167.20 70.01 Green B
972 173.09 72.47 Grey A
973 176.44 103.66 Green A
974 166.38 82.38 Grey A
975 175.55 83.20 Green B
976 173.34 81.73 Blue B
977 163.18 76.81 Blue B
978 174.41 63.24 Blue B
979 165.87 66.21 Blue A
980 176.75 78.39 Grey B
981 161.80 67.77 Grey A
982 176.50 89.28 Green A
983 163.55 84.68 Grey A
984 160.48 87.18 Grey A
985 168.39 76.76 Blue B
986 177.16 94.77 Green A
987 163.99 91.52 Grey B
988 185.12 75.66 Brown B
989 167.55 65.58 Blue B
990 164.02 92.33 Brown A
991 174.11 76.34 Blue A
992 166.91 77.26 Green A
993 163.97 62.49 Grey A
994 161.71 79.40 Grey B
995 172.36 83.25 Grey A
996 167.56 84.92 Grey A
997 162.12 94.01 Brown A
998 167.10 83.69 Brown B
999 174.43 53.74 Grey B
1000 162.40 72.66 Blue B

Check how similar they are

Increasingly similar

In fact, if we did this many, many, many times, these groups would be, on average, increasingly identical!

Why?

  • Central limit theorem

  • Law of large numbers

Do international monitors deter election-day fraud?

Yes!

  • The international community monitored the 2003 Armenian Presidential elections
  • Monitors were assigned randomly to the polling stations
  • Hyde found a big average difference between the vote share received by the cheating party at monitored stations compared to non-monitored stations.